英语定语从句易错题例析

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　　定语从句是修饰一个名词、代词或主句全部内容的从句，在复合句中作定语，一般紧跟在所修饰的先行词后面。中学生在学习英语时一直认为定语从句是个难点，考试时容易出错。原因是定语从句的结构和用法相对复杂。根据学生学习实际，我对定语从句常见错误例析如下：
　　1.关系代词、关系副词混淆
　　误：That is the right supermarket where we are looking for.
　　正：That is the right supermarket which we are looking for.
　　析：第一个句子之所以错是因为句中的supermarket在句中作looking for的宾语，而where在句中只能作状语，因此关系副词where应改为关系代词which。又例如：I’ll never forget the days which I visited New York with you.这句话中的which应该改为when，因为这句话缺少状语。
　　2.关系代词被遗漏
　　误：The woman is talking with you is my English teacher.
　　正：The woman who is talking with you is my English teacher.
　　析：who用来指人，在定语从句中作主语，不能省略。误句的定语从句中遗漏了关系代词。犯此类错误还可能是受汉语的影响，把英语和汉语结构等同起来。
　　3.出现与先行词、关系词在意义和作用上重复的成分
　　误：This is the man whose his name is Tom.
　　正：This is the man whose name is Tom.
　　析：误句中whose在从句中作定语，意为“他的”，再用his就是重复定语了。要记住定语从句的关系词在从句中必定充当某一成分。
　　4.谓语动词在人称和数方面与先行词不一致
　　误：Anyone who have questions to ask，please come to
　　my office this afternoon.
　　正：Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office this afternoon.
　　析：在定语从句中，当关系词为主语时，从句的谓语动词必须与先行词保持一致，误句中先行词是anyone泛指任意一个人，因此谓语动词用单数has。又例如：Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Tom？这句中的which应改为has，与主语the book保持一致。
　　5.介词位置错误
　　误：Tell him all the things to which he should pay attention.
　　正：Tell him all the things which he should pay attention to .
　　析：含有介词短语的动词一般不可拆开，因此，应该把误句中的to移到attention后面。当然，定语从句的关系代词which和whom做介词宾语时，介词是可以放在which和whom之前的。在定语从句中前置的介词必须和后面的动词或形容词构成固定搭配。例如：The tool with which he is working is called a saw.
　　6.混淆that和which在定语从句中的用法
　　误：He didn't pass the exam，that disappointed me.
　　正：He didn't pass the exam，which disappointed me.
　　析：所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。所以我们应该把误句中的that改为which。又例如：This is the most exciting football game which I have ever seen. 此句中的which应该为that，当先行词被最高级、序数词修饰或先行词本身是不定代词时，只能用that来引导定语从句。
　　7.混淆定语从句与其他句式
　　误：He has two children ，and both of whom are abroad.
　　正：He has two children ，and both of them are abroad.
　　析：这是由and 连接的并列句，后面是一个独立的简单句，因此应把误句中的whom改为them。又如：He has two children ， both of whom are abroad.这个句子中间没有and连接，它就是一个非限制性定语从句，就应使用关系代词whom。再例如：Is this school that your mother worked in five years ago？此句中this school是主语，is后接的是表语，因此要把that改为the one。如果要保留that不变，则this就是整句的主语，就需在school前加the。即：Is this the school that your mother worked in five years ago？
　　8.在非限制性定语从句中混淆as和which的用法
　　误：He saw the girl， as delighted him.
　　正（1）：He saw the girl， which delighted him.
　　正（2）：He married her，as（which）was/seemed natural.
　　析：当从句的谓语是行为动词时，只能用which作主语。因此误句中的as要改为which，如正（1）。当从句的谓语动词是be或相当于联系动词的seem，become等时，可用as或which作主语，如正（2）。再例如：误（1）Which is often the case，he is absent.
　　误（2）He is a foreigner， which I know from his accent.
　　析：which引导的从句不能放在主句前，as可以，所以误（1）中的which要改为as。as有“正如”、“就像”的意思，which则没有。因此误（2）中的which也应改为as。
　　（作者单位：江西省上饶县应家小学）
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