激光金属3D打印技术的研究进展

来源:用户上传      作者:李瑞锋　李客　周伟召

　　摘要：3D打印技术是一种根据计算机生成的数字化模型快速制造或修复零件的先进技术。该技术首先建立一个被分割成薄层的数字化三维模型，然后通过电脑控制打印喷头的运动轨迹，将材料逐层堆积，最终堆积成完整的零件。与传统的减材制造相比，该技术具有可个性化定制、节省材料、不需要模具、能制造复杂空腔结构的优点。随着该技术的发展，3D打印的成型工艺不断丰富，能够用于3D打印的材料也越来越多。根据激光金属3D打印工艺的不同，先后产生了多种打印技术，其中选择性激光烧结、选择性激光熔化、直接金属激光烧结和激光工程净成型等4种成型工艺最为典型。重点介绍了具有代表性的4种激光金属3D打印技术的工艺原理和特点，综述了近年来4种激光金属3D打印成型工艺的研究进展。
　　关键词：3D打印;激光;金属材料;加工方法
　　中图分类号：TG4;TH16 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-5922（2022）07-0098-08
　　Research progress in laser metal 3D printing technology
　　LI Ruifeng LI Ke ZHOU Weizhao
　　（1.Department of Intelligence Manufacturing， Shaanxi Institute of Mechatronic Technology， Baoji 721001， Shannxi China; 2.Shaanxi Qizhi Jude Intelligent Equipment Co.， Ltd.， Baoji 721001， Shannxi China;
　　3.Luoyang Mining Machineering Design Institute Co.， Ltd.， Luoyang 471003， Henan China; 4.Shaanxi
　　Bodin Rapid Precision Casting Technology Co.， Ltd.， Weinan 714000， Shannxi China）
　　Abstract：3D printing technology is an advanced technology for rapid manufacturing or repairing parts based on digital model generated by computer. Based on the digital three-dimensional model which is divided into thin layers， through the computer control of the processing sequence， the materials are stacked layer by layer， and finally prepared into three-dimensional objects. Compared to the traditional manufacturing methods， 3D printing technology has many advantages， such as customization， material saving， no mold， and complex cavity structure， etc. With the development of this technology， 3D printing technology and materials are becoming more and more abundant， among which laser metal 3D printing technology is one of its important branches. According to the different laser metal 3D printing processes， a variety of printing technologies have been produced successively， among which four kinds of forming processes， such as selective laser sintering， selective laser melting， direct metal laser sintering and laser engineering net forming， are the most typical. The principles and characteristics of the four most representative laser metal 3D printing forming processes are introduced in this paper， and the research progress of laser meta 3D printing forming processes applied in recent years is summarized.
　　Key words：3D printing; laser; metal material; processing method
　　3D打印技g是基于“离散/堆积成型”的成型思想，用分层加工的方法将成型材料“堆积”后，进而形成实体零件的一种技术，也称为“快速成型技术”或“叠加制造技术”。从原理上讲，3D打印需要通过计算机软件建立一个三维数字化模型，根据打印工艺和零件的结构不同，选择合理间隔的切割平面将数字化模型分割成若干薄层，然后根据这些薄层的轮廓，按照先后顺序逐层进行原料的熔化和堆积，最后形成一个立体实物。3D打印技术具有能制造复杂结构、节省材料、无需复杂的工装、成型速度快的优点，被广泛应用在航空航天、武器、车辆制造、电子器件和生物组织工程等领域。因此，3D打印技术是最具有吸引力的制造业研究方向之一，并且被大多数学者认为是一次制造业的重大革命[1-2]。

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