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0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入控制儿童中低度近视进展的临床观察

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  [摘要] 目的 比較单独使用阿托品与阿托品联合中药离子导入控制儿童中低度近视进展的疗效。 方法 收集2017年4月~2018年6月在我院眼科就诊的6~12岁中低度近视儿童115例,随机分为3组,分别接受0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入、0.05%阿托品、0.01%阿托品治疗12个月。观察治疗后等效球镜、眼轴、视力、瞳孔直径、调节近点的变化。 结果 治疗12个月后,0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组、0.05%阿托品组、单独使用0.01%阿托品组等效球镜分别为(-2.38±0.52)D、(-2.43±0.45)D、(-2.52±0.29)D,眼轴长度分别为(24.33±0.28)mm、(24.36±0.37)mm、(24.51±0.15)mm,三组等效球镜度数与眼轴长度比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=4.969,P=0.011;F=3.315,P=0.039)。0.05%阿托品组明室瞳孔直径(5.75±0.83)mm比0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(5.20±0.61)mm、0.01%阿托品组(5.35±0.91)mm增加明显(P<0.001)。调节近点0.05%阿托品组(10.11±0.42)cm比0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(8.74±0.72)cm、0.01%阿托品组(8.55±0.83)cm增加明显(P<0.001)。结论 中药离子导入加强了0.01%阿托品控制近视进展作用,其作用效果相当于0.05%阿托品。同时,需要进一步观察等效球镜及眼轴的变化情况。
  [关键词] 0.01%阿托品;中药离子导入;中低度近视;儿童
  [中图分类号] R778.11          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)09-0097-04
  [Abstract] Objective To compare the effect of atropine alone and atropine combined with traditional Chinese medicine iontophoresis on the development of middle and low myopia in children. Methods 115 middle and low myopia children aged 6 to 12 years treated in our hospital from April 2017 to June 2018 were selected. They were randomly divided into three groups. And the three groups were given 0.01% atropine combined with traditional Chinese medicine iontophoresis, 0.05% atropine and 0.01% atropine for 12 months respectively. After treatment, the changes of equivalent spherical lens, ocular axis, visual acuity, pupil diameter and accommodation of near point were observed. Results After 12 months of treatment, the spherical equivalent in 0.01% atropine combined with traditional Chinese medicine iontophoresis group, 0.05% atropine group and 0.01% atropine group were (-2.38±0.52) D, (-2.43±0.45) D, (-2.52±0.29) D respectively, and the length of the ocular axis was (24.33±0.28) mm, (24.36±0.37) mm, (24.51±0.15) mm respectively. The differences in the equivalent spherical lens and the length of the ocular axis between the three groups were statistically significant(F=4.969, P=0.011; F=3.315, P=0.039). The pupil diameter (5.75±0.83 mm) in the 0.05% atropine group was significantly higher than that in the 0.01% atropine combined with traditional Chinese medicine iontophoresis group(5.20±0.61 mm) and 0.01% atropine group (5.35±0.91 mm) (P<0.001). The accommodation of near point of 0.05% atropine group(10.11±0.42 cm) was significantly higher than that of 0.01% atropine combined with traditional Chinese medicine iontophoresis group (8.74±0.72 cm) and 0.01% atropine group (8.55±0.83 cm) (P<0.001). Conclusion Iontophoresis of traditional Chinese medicine strengthens the effect of 0.01% atropine on myopia progression, which is equivalent to 0.05% atropine. At the same time, it is necessary to further observe the changes of equivalent spherical lens and ocular axis.   [Key words] 0.01% atropine; Iontophoresis of traditional Chinese medicine; Middle and low myopia; Children
  随着社会的发展,近视患病率逐年增加[1]。高度近视又会引起一系列不可逆性的并发症。流行病学调查研究显示近视是导致青光眼、白内障、视网膜脱离的第二大危险因素[2],是近视性黄斑病变的主要因素[3]。控制儿童及青少年近视目前上升到国家战略。
  医生及家长都在积极寻求控制近视进展的方法。大量研究报道显示,角膜塑形镜、阿托品眼液是控制近视进展的两种手段[4-5]。但阿托品眼液浓度越高,副作用越大,主要的副作用有瞳孔散大、畏光、近距离阅读障碍等。有研究认为低浓度阿托品可减少阿托品的副作用[6],但依据低浓度阿托品单一手段很难达到控制近视进展的理想治疗效果。因此,学者们试图通过低浓度阿托品联合其他治疗方法控制近视进展。Liang CK等[7]发现0.25%阿托品联合眼部针灸治疗比单独使用0.25%阿托品效果好。韩雯婷等[8]认为消旋山莨菪碱联合阿托品滴眼液能有效控制青少年近视进展及眼轴增长。本研究采用0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入与单独使用0.01%阿托品比较,了解这种联合治疗方法控制儿童中低度近视进展的治疗效果,现报到如下。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  收集2017年4月~2018年6月在我院眼科就诊的6~12岁中低度近视儿童115例,散瞳验光近视度数≥-0.5 D,散光度数≤-1.50 D,等效球镜度数≤-6.0 D,且既往1年近视进展≥1.0 D,排除其他眼部疾病及全身系统性疾病。随机分为3组,0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组41例(0.01A+I组),男22例,女19例;0.05%阿托品组39例(0.05A组),男23例,女16例;0.01%阿托品组35例(0.01A组),男19例,女16例,三组受试者治疗前的年龄、性别、等效球镜、瞳孔直径、眼轴、调节近点(NPA)等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
  1.2 方法
  1.2.1 阿托品眼液不同浓度的配制  抽取0.125%阿托品眼液(台湾,杏辉制药,5 mL,G-8800号)0.45 mL注入5 mL玻璃酸钠滴眼液(日本,参天制药,5 mL,国药准字J20130150)调配成0.01%浓度阿托品;抽取0.125%阿托品眼液(台湾,杏辉制药, 5 mL,G-8800号)2.25 mL注入5 mL玻璃酸钠滴眼液(日本,参天制药, 5 mL,国药准字J20130150)调配成0.05%浓度阿托品。
  1.2.2 治疗方法  0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组选用每晚睡前0.01%阿托品眼液滴眼,同时采用薄荷、菊花、珍珠粉、冰片、枸杞、决明子等中药成份的眼贴贴敷眼部,联合DY型多功能眼病治疗仪在直流电电压10~20 V、电流0.2~0.4 mA导入20 min,每周2次。0.05%阿托品组及0.01%阿托品组选用每晚睡前使用1次各自浓度的阿托品眼液。
  1.3 观察指标
  治疗前检查远、近裸眼视力与戴镜视(logMAR视力表力),测眼压,电脑验光仪(拓普康,日本)测明室瞳孔直径,调节近点(near point of accommodation,NPA)、IOL Master500(蔡司,德国)测眼轴3次,每次<0.05 mm,再求平均值。每次验光前用托吡咔胺眼液散瞳,直到瞳孔充分散大后用电脑验光仪(佳能,日本)测量屈光度3次,每次小于0.5 D,再求平均值,散光度数的一般折算为等效球镜。
  1.4 统计学方法
  应用SPSS22.0统计学软件进行分析,三组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 治疗后等效球镜及眼轴比较
  治疗12个月后,三组等效球镜比较,差异有统计学意义(F=4.969,P=0.011),0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)与0.05%阿托品组(0.05A)两组患者等效球镜比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.074,P=0.941),单独使用0.01%阿托品组(0.01A)与0.05%阿托品组(0.05A)、0.01%阿托品联合中药离子導入组(0.01A+I)两组患者等效球镜比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.628,P=0.011;t=3.222,P=0.002)。三组眼轴长度比较,差异有统计学意义(F=3.315,P=0.039),0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)与0.05%阿托品组(0.05A)两组患者眼轴比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.635,P=0.529),单独使用0.01%阿托品组(0.01A)与0.05%阿托品组(0.05A)、0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)两组患者眼轴比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.082,P=0.042;t=2.801,P=0.007)。见表2。
  表2   三组治疗后等效球镜及眼轴比较(x±s)
  2.2治疗后瞳孔直径及NPA比较
  治疗12个月后,三组瞳孔直径比较,差异有统计学意义(F=14.241,P<0.001),0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)与单独使用0.01%阿托品组(0.01A)两组患者瞳孔直径比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.211),0.05%阿托品组(0.05A)与单独使用0.01%阿托品组(0.01A)、0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)两组患者瞳孔直径比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.663,P<0.001;t=4.045,P<0.001)。三组NPA比较,差异有统计学意义(F=16.179,P<0.001),0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)与单独使用0.01%阿托品组(0.01A)两组患者NPA比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.061),0.05%阿托品组(0.05A)与单独使用0.01%阿托品组(0.01A)、0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入组(0.01A+I)两组患者NPA比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.274,P<0.001;t=6.721,P<0.001)。见表3。   表3   三组治疗后瞳孔直径及NPA比较(x±s)
  3讨论
  阿托品眼液是非选择性睫状肌麻痹剂,高浓度阿托品作用于M1~M5受体,但低阿托品主要作用于M1受体和M4受体,从而保留了大部分针对控制近视进展的作用,对M3受体影响较小,故对瞳孔及调节影响较小。Lee JJ等[9]尝试使用0.05%阿托品,研究发现0.05%阿托品每年近视进展(-0.28±0.26)D,而对照组进展(-0.75±0.35)D。Fang PC等[10]使用0.025%阿托品每年近视进展(-0.14±0.24)D,对照组(-0.58±0.34)D。同时,Moon JS等[11]发现0.01%阿托品治疗1年后近视增加-0.84 D,0.025%阿托品增加-0.56 D,0.05%阿托品组增加-0.23 D。Chia A等[12]发现0.01%阿托品治疗2年近视加深(-0.49±0.63)D,0.1%阿托品加深(-0.38±0.60)D,0.5%阿托品加深(-0.30±0.60)D,通过对比可以看出控制近视进展与阿托品浓度相关。低浓度阿托品眼液的疗效及安全性一直是研究的热点,学者们试图找到能控制近视进展且副作用小的阿托品浓度。近年来很多研究使用0.01%阿托品,发现0.01%阿托品眼液既能控制近视进展,又能减少副作用[13-14],且停药后近视屈光度反弹要比0.1%、0.5%阿托品小[15],且有研究认为亚洲人群使用阿托品其副作用不引起临床症状的最高浓度为0.02%[16]。但从上述研究中发现阿托品控制近视进展的疗效与其浓度相关,若既要降低阿托品浓度又要达到理想的治疗效果就要考虑联合治疗。Liang CK等[7]发现0.25%阿托品联合眼部针灸治疗比单独使用0.25%阿托品效果好。韩雯婷等[8]认为消旋山莨菪碱联合阿托品滴眼液能有效控制青少年近视进展及眼轴增长。近年来学者们试图通过联合用药来降低阿托品浓度,提升阿托品控制近视进展的作用。
  本研究通过治疗1年观察发现0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入近视加深-0.29 D,眼轴延长0.23 mm;0.05%阿托品组近视加深-0.26 D,眼轴延长0.20 mm;单独使用0.01%阿托品组近视加深-0.61 D,眼轴延长0.36 mm,可见联合治疗比单独使用0.01%浓度阿托品效果更好。再结合治疗后瞳孔大小及调节近点的变化,单独使用0.01%阿托品瞳孔直径约增加0.6 mm,调节近点(NPA)约增加1.2 mm,0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入瞳孔直径约增加0.5 mm,调节近点约增加1.5 mm,0.05%阿托品瞳孔直径约增加1.1 mm,调节近点约增加2.5 mm。单独使用0.01%阿托品和0.01%阿托品联合中药离子导入均未出现明显的近距离阅读困难、畏光等症状,但0.05%阿托品有部分受试者畏光,近距离阅读需要远视镜片协助,与Kaymak H等[17]报道0.01%阿托品的副作用基本一致。
  综上所述,阿托品眼液浓度增加,控制近视进展效果越好,但副作用增加,如瞳孔直径增加、调节障碍,引起畏光、近距离阅读困難。联合治疗既保证了治疗效果又可以降低阿托品浓度,进一步减少副作用。但也有研究认为0.01%阿托品对中低度近视控制有效,对近视进展很快的部分人群可能效果一般[18]。有研究认为以往实验观察到低浓度阿托品的副作用小,但观察时间不够,需5~10年以上的观察,其长期的副作用仍不明确[19],故临床使用阿托品眼液控制近视进展尚未达成共识[20],需要长时间观察疗效及可能的副作用。本研究不足之处没有对照组,且观察时间较短,这些部分将在下一步研究计划中进一步得到完善。
  
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  (收稿日期:2019-10-30)
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