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板块式教学在初中英语写作教学上的运用

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  【摘 要】寫作教学是初中英语教学的重点和难点。运用板块式教学,对学生进行扩写、缩写、扩写与缩写相结合的训练,有利于培养学生的语感,提升学生的写作水平。扩写、缩写、扩缩句子三大板块相辅相成,构成统一的系统,能够促进学生写作能力的提升。
  【关键词】板块式教学;初中英语;写作教学
  板块式教学作为一种有效的教学模式,已经在初中英语教学中得到了广泛的推广和应用。实践证明,在初中英语写作教学中运用板块式教学,能让学生更好地掌握写作技能,提高写作教学的效率。
  根据教学的需要,我们可以将初中英语写作分为三大板块:扩写板块、缩写板块及扩缩修改板块。通过这三大板块之间的关联教学,整合相关的语言学习内容,循序渐进,有利于系统地训练学生的语感,提升学生的写作水平。
  一、扩写:丰富学生的表达基础
  从语法上看,句子是自成体系的单位,它由词或句法上有关连的短语构成。不少学生的英语基础不扎实,主要是因为他们的词汇量少,对于句子的结构掌握得不好。要让他们学会表达,写好英语作文,首先便要教会他们有关句式的基础语法知识,通过相应的板块学习,帮助他们重现各种句子的结构知识,如简单句、祈使句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句,以及各种复合句的基本类型和句法特点,这是进行所有板块式教学模式的基础。在充分了解并掌握这些句子的结构和样式之后,就可以进行扩写句子板块模式的操练了。
  在扩写板块的训练中,首先要从简单句开始,让学生从不同角度,增加简单句的其他各个成分,在不删除原句单词的基础上扩充句子。
  以“I am a student”为例,基础较差的学生在开始时,只会扩成简单句,比如:I am a good student. 或 I am a good student in class. 或I am a good student in class 3.这时,教师就可以有目的地引导学生向并列句上靠拢。比如:I am a good student and I am 13 years old.紧接着,再引导学生加入插入语,把这样普通的并列句改写成比较复杂的句式。比如:I,a 13-year-old boy,am a good student in class 3.或I,like other boys,am a good student in class3.接着,再引导学生朝着句子结构的变化入手,让学生学会由简单句向复杂句过渡。比如:还可以引导学生把“I am a student”扩写成:Although I am a good student, I want to be the top.
  由此,由一个简单句“I am a student”变化为各式各样的句子,学生逐渐在扩写句子板块模式中,了解了句式和句法的内容,丰富了表达的基础,从而掌握了写作技能,提升了表达能力。
  二、缩写:巩固学生的表达技巧
  在学生掌握好扩写句子板块模式之后,就需要进行逆向教学,即进行缩写句子板块模式的训练。让学生逐步地缩写句子,最后缩成一个简单句,这既是对学生所学扩写句子板块模式的一种检测方式,也是提升学生运用各种句式能力的方式。它需要学生在充分掌握并洞察句子样式的基础上,灵活地进行语言的缩减,这既是逆向思维,也是知识的升华和提炼,有利于巩固学生的表达技巧。
  以8A课文“We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home to many plants, birds and animals, but also because they are important to the health of people all over the world”为例,让学生缩写句子。在这个句子里,学生如果能理解:这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句,且在这个原因状语从句里又含有一个以“not only……but also”引导的并列句,那么学生就能在这个复合句中,很容易地找出真正的主句为“We should protect the wetlands”。
  如果学生对这个句子的语法特点一知半解,在进行缩写句子的模式训练中,就会出现各类错误甚至闹笑话。有学生把句子最终缩写成“They are home to many plants, birds and animals.”也有缩写成“They are important to the health of people.”还有缩写成“We should protect the wetlands.”真可谓无奇不有。
  而这个复合句的句子逐步缩写,应该如下:
  We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home to many plants, birds and animals, but also because they are important to the heath of people all over the world.
  We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home to many plants, birds and animals, but also because they are important to the heath of people.
  We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home, but also because they are important.
  We should protect the wetlands because they are home and they are important.   We should protect the wetlands.
  由此可见,缩写句子板块模式不仅能使学生在缩写过程中,重现对各种句式结构的理解,还能让教师准确地找出学生作文中的不足。
  三、扩缩句子:作文修改阶段的升华
  学生写出的作文,往往简单句居多,且句子的主语常常一样,这类毛病在基础不太好的学生那里是很常见的。若要让这些学生的句子出现多样化,那么,他们作文里句子的修改及装饰则显得尤为重要。
  下面以一篇学生作文为例,来谈谈扩缩句子板块模式,对作文句子的修改是否起点睛作用。
  假设你是一名中学生,名叫田梅。你从南京青奥会英文网站上获悉他们正在招收志愿者,你想给组委会写一封英文自荐信。内容提示见下表:
  参考词汇:新城中学(New Town Middle School)志愿者工作(voluntary work)2014无锡国际马拉松赛(the 2014 Wuxi International Marathon)
  学生的习作可能会写成:
  Dear Sir and Madam,
  I am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle School,I am sixteen years old. I am energetic, easy-going and patient. I can speak English well. I am good at working with others.
  In April, 2014, I became a volunteer for the 2014 Wuxi International Marathon. It is a wonderful experience. I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future, too.
  I look forward to hearing from you soon.
  Yours sincerely,
  Tian Mei
  修改建议:把I am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle school, I am sixteen years old合成一个句子,可以缩改为一个句子, 即:I, a 16-year-old girl, am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle school.
  I can speak English well. I am good at working with others.可以中间加个and,扩成并列句,即I can speak English well and I am good at working with others.
  It is a wonderful experience.可以扩写成复合句:It is a wonderful experience that I will never forget.
  I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future, too.写法普通,可以把too改为Also, 作为连贯词放在句首,即:Also, I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future.
  最终定稿可以如下:
  I , a 16-year-old girl, am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle School. I am energetic, easy-going and patient. I can speak English well and I am good at working with others.
  I have done some voluntary work before. In April,2014, I became a volunteer for the 2014 Wuxi International Marathon. It is a wonderful experience that I will never forget. Also, I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future.
  I look forward to hearing from you soon.
  Yours sincerely,
  Tian Mei
  在進行扩缩句子模式教学之后,学生们明显同意这篇文章被添色了不少。装饰句子、扩充句子、缩写句子,应在适当的情况下,做出适当的处理。扩写句子板块、缩写句子板块、扩缩句子板块,这三大板块教学共同服务于学生的英语作文,它们相辅相成,缺一不可。
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