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  Distance Informal Learning and Non-formal Education
  in Developing Countries
  Colin Latchem
  People in the developing countries need informal learning and non-formal education to help them achieve just, secure and sustainable futures. Conventional face-to-face education can never cope with the scale of these needs and traditional ‘top-down’ models of teaching and learning can never achieve the kinds of social and behavioural change called for. These needs can only be met by innovative applications of distance education. The article explores the methods being adopted. It finds that by itself, information and communications technology (ICT) cannot provide all the solutions. What is required is a wider ‘ecology’ of individual and group learning which employs not only ICT and the mass media but face-to-face teaching and traditional cultural forms of learning. The article concludes by stressing the need for far more research in this field.
  Keywords: informal learning; non-formal education; distance education; open learning; online learning; mobile learning; telecentres; culture; quality assurance; research
  Quality Assurance in China’s Open and Distance Education:
  A Review of the Published Literature 2003-2013 in
  China’s Core Academic Journals
  Sun Liqing and Sun Zhiguo
  Quality assurance (QA) in China’s open and distance education (CODE) is critical to the existence and development of China’s Radio & TV University (RTVU) system. This study analyzed QA studies in China in the past decade. The samples in our research are the papers published in China’s core academic journals from 2003 to 2013, collected from CNKI and Wanfang Databases, and the method is a combination of quantitative analysis and content analysis. Findings from the quantitative analysis indicate that, firstly, the issue of QA in CODE was not equally valued by China’s core academic journals; secondly, despite an unstable but increasing interest in the issue in recent years, QA research needs to be improved both in terms of quality and quantity; and thirdly, researchers were mainly from RTVUs, in particular provincial level RTVUs. And as suggested in findings from the content analysis, the development trend of QA research was mainly focused on the teaching and learning process in relation to the transition from the RTVU system to the Open University of China (OUC). Moreover, the ontological study of QA tended to be comprehensive and in-depth, with the greatest emphasis on the QA system. Implications and suggestions are also discussed in the light of the above findings.   Keywords: open and distance education (ODE); quality assurance (QA); literature review; China
  Research on Group Difference of Effect Weight among
  E-learners’ Characteristics
  Li Yunfu and Fu Gangshan
  Analysis of online learners’ characteristics is one of the key steps to construct Learner Model and achieve adaptive learning in the cyberspace. This paper surveyed 1715 undergraduates who enrolled on the online course of Modern Educational Technology offered by Shaanxi Normal University, and constructed a relationship model of online learner’ characteristics, including strategies, self-efficacy, motivation, attribution, anxiety, and attitude in online learning. The influence coefficient of online learners’ characteristics was analyzed by using Multi-Group Path Difference Analysis. Findings from the study are of relevance to personalizing learner service in the online learning environment.
  Keywords: online learning; learners’ characteristics; influence coefficient; group difference
  The Impact of Word of Mouth on Distance Learners’
  Decision-making Behavior
  Sun Daojin and Yue Junfang
  Based on literature review and analysis of distance learners’ behaviors, the authors designed an evaluation scale of word of mouth among distance learners, which includes 26 items grouped under seven factors. After revision and adjustment, the scale shows good structure and high reliability. Survey results show that reputation information provides positive support for distance learners’ decision-making behavior, and that distance learners are willing to spread their learning experiences to others. Regression analysis shows that emotional risk and functional risk do not significantly affect word of mouth behavior. In the four factors that have significant influence on word of mouth behavior, recipients’ preferences have the largest influence, and recipients’ professional standards and product ideas and attitudes have significant influence on word of mouth behavior. Recommendations are made to influence and promote word of mouth behavior of distance learners.
  Keywords: word of mouth; online education; decisions influence; distance learners; survey
  Using the K-means Algorithm-Based Method to Screen
  High-quality Online Resources
  Ye Haizhi, Cheng Qingjie and Huang Hongtao
  The development of online learning resources is an important part of the use of IT in education. With unlimited availability of learning resources in the Internet, how to select high-quality learning resources becomes a key factor affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of online learning. This paper proposes a method to generate high-quality online resources, based on an in-house public platform for sharing courses. The method uses K-means algorithm to automatically classify a large number of online resources. Then it evaluates resources which have been clustered by domination relationship. After that, it generates high-quality learning resources via the survival of the fittest mechanism, hence avoiding random selection and significantly improving the efficiency and effectiveness of online learning.   Keywords: online learning resources; K-means algorithm; optimal candidate set; domination relationship; screening high-quality resources
  System Modeling and Functional Design of eSchoolbag Based on
  Metaphoric Thinking: The “Smart School” Project in
  Chancheng District, Foshan, China
  Wang Yulong and Jiang Jiafu
  Currently, the design and application of eSchoolbag is mainly based on experience, with a focus on its affordances instead of a systems approach to highlighting its roles in the macro system of educational communication. Hence, a study set out to propose understanding eSchoolbag by using metaphoric thinking. It is argued accordingly that eSchoolbag is an individualized, autonomous, open and mobile system of digital educational communication in the context of ubiquitous learning. An ecosystem model of eSchoolbag is constructed with description of its functional design. The research approach and cognitive perspective proposed by this study may be of relevance to standardization and application of eSchoolbag.
  Keywords: metaphoric thinking; eSchoolbag; system modeling; educational communication
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