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定语从句用法浅析

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  【摘要】在英语学习中,语法学习是令多数学习者头疼的项目,而语法构成中的定语从句又最为复杂难懂,但在复合句中又极为重要。定语从句是理解英语中复杂长句所必须的,能否理解定语从句,成为准确理解句子的关键,因此,定语从句的学习是学习英语的必备知识,也是英语水平提高的必要途径。笔者结合自己多年从事英语教学的经验,就学生在学习定语从句过程中理解困难的地方和容易犯的错误,对定语从句的用法做一下浅显的分析。
  【关键词】英语学习;语法;定语从句;用法
  
  一、定语从句的概念
  
  笔者在教学过程中发现,很多学生之所以无法理解定语从句,关键就在于对定语从句的概念缺乏准确理解,没弄懂定语从句中的几个基本概念。基于此,我们就从理解定语从句的相关概念入手。定语从句: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语,所以叫作定语从句。先行词:定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词:引导定语从句的词,分为关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)和关系副词(where,when,why,)。例如,The girl who is reading a book is very clever,在这一例句中,定语从句是who is reading a book,用来修饰限定其前的先行词girl关系词是who。
  
  二、定语从句的用法
  
  用于定语从句中的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有:that, which, who, whom, whose等,在句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语;关系副词有:when, where, why等,在句中作状语。
  (一)关系代词的运用
  1.关系代词 Which的用法:若先行词指物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。
  This is the pen which was given by my friend.
  先行词pen,指物,which代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语
  This is the pen which my friend gave to me.
  先行词pen,指物,which代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语
  2.关系代词that的用法:若先行词指人或物时,替代先行词在定语从句中作主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
  The number of the people that come to visit the city each year rises one million.
  先行词people,指人,that代替先行词在定语从句中作主语。
  由于which和that在用法上有许多相似之处,学生在学习过程中往往容易把which和that混在一起,下面列一表格,将二者用法加以区分:
  3.定语从句的关系代词Who的用法:若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语(如果前面带介词则必须用whom)。
  The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother.
  先行词man,指人,who代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语
  The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai
  先行词man,指人,who代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语
  4.定语从句的关系代词Whom的用法:先行词指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
  Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
  先行词person,指人,whom代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语
  Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
  先行词boy, 指人, whom代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语
  5.定语从句的关系代词Whose的用法:先行词指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
  He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
  先行词friend, 指人, whose代替先行词在定语从句中充当定语
   I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
  先行词house, 指物,whose代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语
  whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
  The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
  =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
  Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
  =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
  (二)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
  关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导
  (1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
  (2)The school in which he once studied is very famous.
  (3)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
  (4)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
  (5)We’ll go to hear the famous singer(whom/that/who)we have often talked about.
  (6)We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
  注意:
  1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等。
  (1)This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T)
  (2)This is the watch for which I am looking.(F)
  2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。
  (1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)
  (2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)
  (3)The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.(T)
  (4)The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable.(F)
  3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any, none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词。
  (1)He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
  (2)In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.
  (3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
  (三)关系副词引导的定语从句
  1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。
  (1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
  (2)The time when we got together finally came.
  2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。
  (1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.
  (2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
  3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语。
  (1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
  (2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
  注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
  (1)The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
  (2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
  (3)Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
  
  三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
  
  限制性定语从句
  非限制性定语从句
  形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,不能删除是对先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语,“…的…”通常翻译成主句的并列句
  限制性定语从句举例:
  (1)The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
  (2)China is a country which has a long history.
  非限制性定语从句举例:
  (1)His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
  (2)China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
  定语从句是英语语法的重要组成部分,是学好英语的关键环节,只有认真思考,在学习过程中不断总结,才能牢固掌握,达到熟能生巧,灵活运用的程度。
  
  参考文献
  [1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,2000,5.
  [2]A.J.Thomas and A.V. Martinet.牛津使用英语语法[M].牛津大学出版社,外语教学与研究出版社,1997,12.
  [3]柳葆青,周玉珍.英语语法表解[M].金盾出版社,1995,9.
  [4]薄冰,赵德鑫等.英语语法手册[M].商务印书馆,1981,4.
  
  作者简介:朱勇(1981―),男,云南曲靖人,大学本科,助教,主要从事大学英语的教学和研究工作。

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