电动汽车车载电源LLC谐振变换器滑模控制
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摘 要:为了增强电动汽车车载电源对负载扰动的鲁棒性,有效抑制系统输出电压的过冲,将一种改进的滑模控制策略应用于电动汽车车载电源控制系统中。为减少系统开关损耗,提高系统效率,车载电源采用 LLC 谐振变换器拓扑结构。利用扩展描述函数法建立LLC谐振变换器的非线性模型,并在此基础上设计滑模控制方法。选取全局积分滑模面,通过动态的非线性滑模面,设计了整个运动过程中的滑动模态运动,显著地改善了对负载扰动的动态响应。通过仿真和实验证明了所提出的滑模控制策略有效解决了传统PI控制器在负载扰动较大情况下输出电压过冲过大的问题,提高了电动汽车车载电源控制系统动态品质。
关键词:LLC谐振变换器;扩展描述函数法;滑模控制;全局积分滑模面;车载电源
DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2020.03.016
中图分类号:TM 315文献标志码:A文章编号:1007-449X(2020)03-0131-07
Abstract:Aiming at the application of LLC resonant converter in electric vehicles, a sliding mode controller is proposed to improve the robustness of load disturbance and restrain the output voltage overshoot of the system. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, the LLC resonant converter used in the vehicle power supply reduced the switching loss of the system. The nonlinear model of LLC resonant converter was established by means of extended description function method. On this basis, a sliding mode control method was designed. The sliding mode motion of the whole motion of the system was realized by selecting the appropriate global integral sliding surface, and the dynamic quality was improved significantly by using the dynamic nonlinear sliding surface. Simulation and experiment show that the proposed controller can restrain the overshoot of the system more effectively than the conventional PI controller.
Keywords:LLC resonant converter; extended description function method; sliding mode control; global integral sliding mode surface; vehicle power supply
0 引 言
随着新能源汽车的发展,车载电源高性能的需求也不断提高。电源变换器经常会受到大负载扰动,其变换器拓扑不仅要满足负载需求,而且要具有高效率、高功率密度、高可靠性和低成本的特性[1-3]。LLC变压器初级侧可以实现全负载范围内开关管的ZVS,对于外界的电磁干扰较小,具有较高变换效率,适合车载电源应用场合[4-7]。
LLC谐振变换器是一个多输入、强耦合、非线性时变系统。传统PI控制的参数设计在不同的工作条件下,也不可能始终保持良好的增益与相位裕度。提高控制系统的鲁棒性和对特定动态需求的瞬态响应是十分必要的。滑模控制(sliding mode control,SMC)可以提高系统的运行性能,被广泛应用到DCDC变换器领域[8]利用滞环函数实现Buck变换器的滑模控制,有效的控制系统开关频率。文献[10]通过引入自适应前馈控制改变滞环宽度,消除输入电压变化对开关频率的影响。文献[11]提出将电感电流、输出电压及其积分设计Buck变换器的组合型滑模面,相比传统的双环PI控制,有很好的动态响应,鲁棒性强,但是它没有将其应用于LLC谐振变换器中。文献[12]分析了运行参数的滑模严格存在条件,给出了滑模控制移相全桥等效PWM信号函数,并加入切换控制律提升鲁棒控制效果。文献[13]建立了移相全桥的动态空间模型,讨论了状态空间中的滑动运动、稳态运行条件和PWM控制函数。文献[14]通过输入输出线性化的概念推导系统滑模面,以优化LLC谐振变换器输出电压动态响应。
本文提出一种基于全局积分滑模面的LLC谐振变换器滑模控制策略,并用于电动汽车车载电源DC/DC变换器恒压模式控制系统中[15-16]。详细研究LLC谐振变换器工作原理。通过扩展函数描述法建立系统模型,选取全局积分滑模面,设计了整个运动过程中的滑动模态运动,实现系统整体稳定性控制。所提出的SMC策略不僅能较好地处理LLC谐振变换器的模型中的高阶非线性特性,而且对恒压模式下系统大负载变化有较强的鲁棒性,提高了系统的动态性能。
1 变换器工作过程分析
针对电动汽车车载电源高电压输入,低压大电流输出的工作特点,选取全桥LLC谐振变换器的拓扑结构,实现降低高压输入电路对开关管的耐压要求。谐振变换器变压器副边采用全波整流,实现零电流关断,满足低电压、大电流的高效率要求。LLC谐振变换器工作模态等效电路如图1所示。电路中存在4个储能元件:Lr,Lm,Cr,Co。其中Lr为变换器谐振电感,Lm为变换器励磁电感,Cr为变换器谐振电容,Co为变换器输出电容。 6 结 论
LLC谐振变换器在全负载条件下工作在软开关状态,可以提高电源系统工作效率,因此被选作电动汽车车载电源的拓扑结构。本文提出一种基于全局积分滑模面的滑模控制技术,并将其应用于电动汽车车载电源恒压模式充电控制系统中。在通过扩展函数描述的方法建立系统模型,设计滑模控制器。通过全局积分滑模的非线性滑模面实现系统的整体滑模运动,有效地增强了系统稳定性,提高了控制系统的动态跟踪效果。仿真与实验表明,所设计的控制器有效地解决了传统PI控制器在负载扰动较大的情况下过冲过大的问题,提高了电动汽车车载电源控制系统动态品质。
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