黄河三角洲实施“生态湿地恢复工程”

来源:用户上传      作者: 曹景华　王志秀　王学义

　　进入黄河入海口的黄河三角洲自然保护区，远远地就看到成群连片的野鸭扑棱棱地从草丛中、水面上飞起，如伞如盖翻飞于湛蓝的空中，清脆的叫声不绝于耳，呈现出一幅颇为壮观的景象。这里聚集的野鸭不下10万只。
　　随着黄河三角洲自然保护“湿地恢复工程”的不断实施，生态湿地环境日益改善，吸引了众多珍稀鸟类前来栖息繁衍，其中不乏丹顶鹤、白鹳、白头鹤等国家一级保护鸟类。这里是国家一类保护珍禽丹顶鹤的重要越冬栖息地，从每年的10月下旬到翌年的3月份，先后有300多只北迁的丹顶鹤来此栖息觅食。
　　黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区，建于1992年，面积15万公顷，是以保护新生湿地生态系统和珍稀、濒危鸟类为主体的湿地类型自然保护区。区内分布着丰富的野生资源，草木本植物393余种，属国家二级保护的濒危植物野大豆分布广泛，天然芦苇荡万余公顷，天然柽柳林数千公顷，其中滨海附近大面积自然红柳林带，是中国华东地区目前最大的海滩自然植被区，不仅为保护区增添了壮丽景观，也为研究原生植被提供了充分的原始资料。初步调查区内丰富的水生生物资源达641种，其中有属国家二级保护的文昌鱼、斑海豹等，还分布着各种珍贵、稀有、濒危的鸟类，现已证实的283种鸟类中，列为国家一类保护的有5种，二类保护的有41种，世界存量极少的濒危鸟类黑嘴鸥在保护区内也有较多分布。
　　黄河三角洲拥有中国暖温带保存最完整、最年轻的湿地生态系统，由黄河携带大量泥沙填充渤海淤积而成。自20世纪70年代始，黄河断流加剧了黄河三角洲生态环境的恶化，进入90年代以来，断流的时间不断延长，断流的范围不断扩大，1995年实际断流100天，1996年断流93天，1997年断流时间最长达到了226天。近年来虽然黄河断流得到控制缓解，但从黄河上游注入河口湿地的水量明显减少，由此也影响了湿地生态系统的平衡。另外，由于海水倒灌引起的侵蚀作用，整个淡水湿地的面积逐年减少，一些依赖湿地生存的动、植物也明显减少。
　　对自然保护区的保护是建立在科学研究基础之上的。保护区的管理人员配合上级有关部门相继开展了黄河三角洲自然保护区资源调查、北迁涉禽调查、白鹤在黄河三角洲的数量分布及栖息地调查等研究工作，曾多次获得了国家、省市科研成果奖。1994年保护区被列为湿地水域系统16处具国际意义重点保护地区之一。
　　2002年黄河三角洲湿地及生态系统可持续发展纳入中国湿地保护行动计划优先项目。在科研的指导下，多项保护工作相继展开。保护区把管理区域划分为核心区、缓冲区、试验区三大部分，实行严格的区别管理政策。核心区，属于绝对保护区，禁止任何单位、个人进入，使其保持自然状态，按自然规律演替；缓冲区进行非破坏性科学研究、标本采集和从事教学等活动，但不开展旅游等活动；试验区则有计划地开展科研、教学、参观、旅游等活动，与核心区作对比试验。为了尽快遏止保护区生态环境恶化的状况，从去年开始实施的总投资684万元的“生态湿地恢复工程”，被国家林业局立项为重点工程。工程通过引灌黄河水、沿海修筑围堤，增加湿地的淡水存量，同时强化保护区生态系统的自身调节能力和平衡作用，改善鸟类的生存环境。去年黄河水量较大，引水顺利，4238公顷的湿地恢复工程全部完成。为适应鸟类种群、数量增加的需要，自然保护区管理局为鸟类建设了“食堂”和“医院”，并建立两处鸟类食物补给区，面积1000公顷，主要养殖贝类等水生物；在黄河口管理站和位于垦利县的大汶流管理站各建一处200公顷的鸟类食物补给区，种植小麦、谷物等，实行粗放收割为鸟类供食；为救护在迁徙中的伤病鸟，还建成了鸟类救护中心，配备了必要的设施和专职人员。
　　日益优越的生态条件和充足的食物来源，吸引了众多珍稀鸟类前来生存繁衍。
　　
　　Approaching the nature reserve of the Yellow River Delta, where the Yellow River meets the sea, you can see swarming wild ducks fly to the sky from the tussock and water surface and quack one after another, which is truly a marvelous scene. This area provides inhabitancy to more than 100,000 wild ducks.
　　The national-level nature reserve on the Yellow River Delta was established in 1992. Covering an area of 150,000 hectares, it is a wetlands type nature reserve established to protect the unique ecological system found here as well as the rare and endangered birds which make their homes here. Within the nature reserve, there are abundant wild animal resources and more than 393 kinds of herbaceous and ligneous plants. Wild soybean, a kind of endangered plant under grade two national-level protection, is extensively distributed throughout the reserve, while the natural reed marshes cover an area of more than 10,000 hectares.
　　The Chinese tamarisk forest found here also covers an area of several thousand hectares. At present, the natural Chinese tamarisk forest belt along the coast is the largest natural vegetation area found on a beach in eastern China. This not only adds a marvelous spectacle to the nature reserve, but also provides abundant primitive materials for study of the protophyta. A preliminary investigation reveals that aquatic animal resources within the nature reserve have amounted to more than 641 kinds, among which amphioxus and spotted seal are under grade two national protection.
　　In addition, the nature reserve provides inhabitancy for many kinds of precious and endangered birds. Among the 283 kinds of verified birds spotted here, five are under grade one national-level protection and 41 are under grade two protection. Black-beak sea gulls, a kind of endangered bird that is seldom seen in other countries, can be frequently seen in this nature reserve.
　　The administration department has divided the nature reserve into three parts: core area, buffer area, and experimental area, each with differentiated management policies, which are strictly implemented. The core area is an area under absolute protection, where any construction or trespassing is forbidden in hopes of maintaining the natural status quo and the evolution driven by nature. Non-destructive scientific research, collection of specimens, and teaching sessions are allowed in the buffer area, but tourism is not. Planned scientific research, teaching visits, and tourism are allowed in the experimental area with a view towards making future comparisons with the core area.
　　In order to restore the deteriorating ecological environment in the nature reserve, the “Restoration Project for Ecological Wetlands” was initiated last year with an investment of 6.84 million yuan and has been chosen by the National Forestry Bureau as a key project. Through diverting water from the Yellow River and constructing a dam along the seashore, this project will increase the fresh water reserves within the nature reserve. Meanwhile, efforts will be made to strengthen the self-regulation ability and balancing function of the nature reserve to improve the living environment of the birds.
　　Last year, abundant water from the Yellow River enabled the restoration project for 4,238 hectares of wetlands flow smoothly. To meet demands brought about by the increase of bird specimens and numbers, the administration bureau has established “dinning halls” and “hospitals” for the birds. Two food replenishing areas, covering an area of 1000 hectares, have been established so that aquatic animals, such as shellfishes, can be cultivated to provide food for the birds.
　　In the area of the Yellow River Estuary Administration Station and at the Lawenliu Administration Station of Kenli County, two food replenishing stations, each covering an area of 200 hectares, have been constructed so that wheat and cereal can be planted to provide food for the birds. And in order to save wounded migratory birds, a “first aid” station for birds has been established so that they can be properly cared for by highly trained professionals.

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