黑枸杞花青素研究进展
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摘要 花青素是一种天然的水溶性色素,具有多种生物活性。黑枸杞花青素含量超过了绝大数其他含花青素的植物。本文介绍了黑枸杞花青素的提取工艺、生理活性,以期为黑枸杞的食品开发以及药性研究提供参考。
关键词 黑枸杞;花青素;提取工艺;生理活性
中图分类号 TS264.4 文献标识码 A
文章编号 1007-5739(2019)24-0212-03 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)
Abstract Anthocyan is natural water-soluble pigment with various biological activities.The content of anthocyan in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.exceeds the vast majority of other anthocyanin-containing plants.This paper introduced the extraction process and physiological activity of anthocyan in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.,in order to provide references for the development of food and drug research of Lycium ruthenicum Murr..
Key words Lycium ruthenicum Murr.;anthocyan;extraction process;physiological activity
花青素最先在草本植物花生中发现。研究表明,花青素是一种天然色素,存在于绝大多数植物之中,易溶于水[1-2]。花青素颜色会随着溶液pH值的变化而变化,这是因为花青素的分子结构具有离子性质[3],在酸性条件下部分花青素呈现红色。在中性pH值下花青素呈现紫色,而在pH值增加时,花青素呈现蓝色。花青素的红色色素主要以黄酮阳离子的形式存在[4],花青素在较低pH值的溶液中稳定性比较好,形成的黄烷阳离子使花青素能够在水中高度溶解。水浓度的降低增加了黄烷正离子的去质子率,从而降低了颜色的稳定性[5],颜色越深表明其具有的花青素含量越高[6-8]。花青素的结构主要是由C6-C3-C6为基本的C骨架组成的,其属于类黄酮化合物,故其具有类黄酮的典型结构。不同类型的花青素主要通过糖基的类型、分子中羟基的数量和位置来区分[9-10]。
从黑枸杞果实中提取出的花青素呈紫红色,无特殊味道,是一种珍稀的天然食用花色苷类色素[11-12],黑枸杞花青素的主要结构单元为α-苯基苯并吡喃型阳离子。闫亚美等[13]研究比较了黑枸杞与其他5种果蔬中花青素含量的测定,结果显示,黑枸杞中花色素的含量最高;孙 楠等[14]研究比较了黑枸杞、枸杞与黑加仑中花青素的含量,结果表明,黑枸杞中花青素的含量是枸杞和黑加仑的10倍。经过一系列的研究发现,黑枸杞中所含有的花青素含量比较多,人们也将黑枸杞称为“花青素之王”。现从提取工艺、生理活性等方面对黑枸杞花青素进行详细介绍,以期为花青素研究提供科学参考。
1 提取工艺
通常通过酸化的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、水或混合溶剂的固液萃取法从植物中提取花青素。利用酸稳定黄酮阳离子,黄酮阳离子在低pH值时呈现红色[15-17]。一些传统的提取方法耗时较长,长时间的热提取会导致花青素降解,降低提取物的抗氧化活性[18-19]。最近,许多新方法已经被开发出来,例如微波辅助提取(MAE)、超声波辅助提取(UAE)[20],以及基于使用压缩流体作为萃取剂的技术,包括亚临界水萃取(SWE)[21]、超临界流体萃取(SFE)[22]、加压流体萃取(PFE)[23]或者加速溶剂萃取(ASE)[24]等,总体来说,这些压缩液基萃取技术都比其他方法更环保。然而,这些方法在工业规模上的成本很高,往往超过了技术效益。因此,需要一种具备时间短、操作簡单、耗能低、节约成本、提取率高等优点的提取方法。微波萃取是利用微波能量将分析物从样品基质中分离到萃取剂的过程,此方法的优点是提取时间短、溶剂体积小、收率高等[25];大孔树脂吸附是从植物粗提物中分离生物活性组分的一种有效方法,具有独特的吸附特性(吸附特性高、容易解吸),而且成本较低、操作简单、效率较高[26]。到目前为止,大孔树脂已经被成功地应用于植物化学物质的分离和富集,例如皂甙[27-29]、紫杉醇[27]、异黄酮[28]、花青素[29]、莱文[30]等自然资源。Yu等[31]研究发现,AB-8树脂是9种经测试的树脂中最适合纯化花青素的树脂。用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线拟合了AB-8树脂对花青素在不同温度下的吸附平衡试验数据,在25 ℃时,花青素在AB-8树脂上的分离效果比较好,并且确定了最佳分离条件,例如样品浓度、流速等。经过试验分析,提取液中花青素的纯度由4.65%提高到88.83%,分离得到了氰基-3-葡萄糖苷和氰基-3-槐苷,纯度>94%。 2 生理活性
花青素对人体具有诸多益处。首先,它可以防止有害物质(自由基)伤害人体;其次,花青素可以促进血管弹性的收缩,提高循环效率以及改善皮肤状况;再次,可以提高关节的柔韧性,改善骨质疏松;另外,花青素还具有抗癌、抗氧化、降血糖血脂、抗肥胖等多种生物功能。基于花青素对人体具有的多种益处,目前花青素已经作为一种药物被开发利用。
2.1 降血糖
Qi等[32]使用不同浓度的AEBR给糖尿病大鼠灌胃给药8周,通过研究建立了链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型,深入探讨了黑米富含花青素提取物(AEBR)对糖尿病性骨质疏松症的保护作用及其可能机制。结果表明,AEBR剂量依赖性地降低了血糖,增加了骨密度,降低了血清骨转换指标。Qin等[33]研究使用紫甘薯花青素(PSPC 500 mg/kg·d)口服高脂肪模型小鼠,结果显示,PSPC纠正了HFD诱导的异常代谢指标,这些指标包括改善肥胖、降低空腹血糖浓度、提高糖耐量。
2.2 降血脂
Lee等[34]研究黑大豆花青素对肥胖的影响,结果表明,服用黑大豆花青素的肥胖患者的TC、HDLc、LDLc、HDLc都显著降低。Farrell等[35]通过建立高脂血症和高密度脂蛋白功能障碍的小鼠模型,探讨确定一种富含花青素的黑醋栗提取物(BEE)(13%的花青素)能预防炎症相关的HDL功能损伤和载脂蛋白E的动脉粥样硬化。结果显示,小鼠主动脉总胆固醇含量显著下降,天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和空腹血糖下降,最终表明黑莓可能通过影响肝脏基因表达而影響与慢性炎症相关的HDL功能障碍。
2.3 抗氧化
Bariexca等[36]研究了黄酮槲皮素、儿茶素和橙皮素3种纯多酚对大鼠器官抗氧化能力的影响,并且向仓鼠注射了1 mL花青素含量很高的100%蔓越莓汁。采用铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)比色法测定动物器官的抗氧化能力。结果表明,100%蔓越莓汁的抗氧化能力显著提高(P<0.05),这证明膳食多酚可以降低疾病部位各种慢性疾病的风险和程度。另外,内皮细胞的氧化损伤可能会干扰其产生一氧化氮的能力,一氧化氮是一种强大的血管舒张剂,从而导致内皮细胞功能障碍[37]。细胞培养相关研究表明,在内皮细胞中加入花青素可以保护内皮细胞免受氧化应激的损伤[38-39]。花青素还能够增加内皮型一氧化氮合酶(一种产生NO的酶)的表达[40-41]。
2.4 抗癌
Chi等[42]研究发现花青素对HepG2细胞的抑制作用比Hep3B细胞更有效。另外,Naomi等[43]发现花青素抑制癌细胞的生长和诱导细胞凋亡。其他一些研究发现,花青素及其糖苷配基可选择性地抑制癌细胞的生长,但对正常细胞的生长几乎没有影响[44-45];富含花青素的蓝莓成分抑制B16-F10黑色素瘤小鼠细胞的增殖,刺激细胞凋亡,增加乳酸脱氢酶的渗漏[46]。Faria等[47]研究表明,蓝莓花青素提取物显著降低了2种乳腺癌细胞系(MDA-MB-231和MCF7)的增殖,并在2种细胞系中均表现出明显的抗侵袭能力。Huang等[48]研究表明,桑椹花青素提取物可以预防动脉粥样硬化和抑制黑色素瘤转移。
2.5 抗肥胖性
花青素具有抗肥胖特性。根据之前的一项研究,采用富含花青素-3-葡萄糖苷的紫玉米喂食肥胖小鼠12周,结果发现肥胖小鼠体重减轻,白色和棕色脂肪组织重量减少[49],肥胖大鼠的高血糖、高胰岛素血症、高瘦素血症以及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-a)mRNA水平的升高,在紫玉米日粮处理后均恢复正常。紫色玉米还抑制了脂肪酸和三酰甘油合成相关酶的mRNA水平,降低了白色脂肪组织中甾醇调节元件结合蛋白-1 mRNA水平。这些下调可能有助于白色脂肪组织中甘油三酯的低积累。肥胖也与脂肪细胞功能障碍密切相关。因此,调节脂肪细胞分泌蛋白质或脂肪细胞特异性基因表达是预防肥胖的最重要目标之一。Tsuda等[50]进一步研究了花青素,特别是研究了花青素和花青素-3-葡萄糖苷对离体大鼠脂肪细胞的抗肥胖作用的效力。结果表明,用花青素处理的脂肪细胞增加脂联素和瘦素分泌,并且在分离的大鼠脂肪细胞中不激活PPARγ而上调脂肪细胞特异性基因表达,在花青素处理的小鼠白色脂肪组织中脂联素基因表达也上调。AMPK磷酸化水平的升高可能与这些变化有关,而单磷酸腺苷/三磷酸腺苷的比值在花青素的作用下显著降低。Bolleddula等[51]用含有花青素的樱桃喂养8周的改良肥胖小鼠(C57BL/6),结果显示肥胖小鼠体重减少了24%,脂质积累、肝脏以及肝脏三酰甘油浓度显著降低,与食物摄入无关。
3 展望
在目前的研究中发现,黑枸杞具有的生物活性对人体具有很大的益处,这对黑枸杞花青素的开发具有重大意义。但是,目前对黑枸杞花青素的分离提纯技术还有待进一步的提高,寻求一种高效、便利、快速的技术非常关键[52-53]。基于黑枸杞广阔的市场前景和单一的产品形式,未来可以通过研究开发出更多黑枸杞花青苷相关的新产品,使黑枸杞产品形式多样化,从而开发其巨大的市场潜能,提高其在功能食品市场上的占有率。
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