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提高学生听力理解能力的策略运用

来源:用户上传      作者: 李 娟

  摘要: 本文旨在介绍作者在教学过程中所采取的三种提高学生听力理解能力的策略:为把握整体意思的听(Global Listening)、为了解某些具体意思的听(Selective Listening),以及为学习所听内容的精听(Intensive Listening)。而对于不同策略的选择则是基于三个不同的因素:学生的实际水平、教材以及教学目标。
  关键词: 提高 听力理解 能力 策略
  
  一、引言
  
  听,与其它四项基本技能(说、读、写、译)一样,是学习英语的一个重要方法,同时在实际交流的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。有些时候,英语学习者会发现,要确切地理解谈话对象所说的话还是存在着一定困难的,这也从另外一个层面反映出提高英语学习者听力能力的必要性。
  但是,在中国,听力教学曾经在很长一段时间内被忽视,而即使存在听力教学的课堂,也显得方式方法过于简单――教师播放录音,然后核对答案。当然,有些教师也试图帮助学生更好地理解所听到的内容,但是所采取的方式方法――不停地中断录音,重复,逐词进行解释却值得商榷。事实上,听力是一个非常复杂的活动。它要求听者能够在听的过程中跟上对方说话的语速,理解那些特定的细节,以及推断出说话者的意图。
  听力理解会受到来自内部和外部不同因素的影响。内部因素可包括听者的性格特点、语言的熟练程度、记忆、年龄、背景知识、态度、动机、心理、生理等。而外部因素则可包括听的过程中语言的输入、目标任务及语境等。
  
  二、在提高学生听力理解能力过程中的策略运用
  
  在听力训练的过程中笔者通常会利用到三种主要的策略:为把握整体意思的听(Global Listening)、为了解某些具体意思的听(Selective Listening),以及为学习所听内容的精听(Intensive Listening)。为把握整体意思的听(Global Listening)指的是将听的重点放在把握听力材料的整体意思上;为了解某些具体意思的听(Selective Listening)指的是将听的重点放在理解听力材料的某些具体信息上;为学习所听内容的精听(Intensive Listening)指的是将听的重点放在听力材料的细节上。当然,根据学生的实际水平、不同的听力材料及不同的教学目标,可以在教学过程中采取不同的策略。此外,对于策略的灵活选择不仅可以活跃课堂气氛,还可以激发学生学习的兴趣,有利于帮助他们建立自信心,使他们更多地参与到课堂教学的过程中来。换句话说,可以达到更好的教学效果。
  2.1为把握整体意思的听(Global Listening)
  为把握整体意思的听(Global Listening)指的是将听的重点放在把握听力材料的整体意思上。采用此策略的关键在于听力理解练习题的设计。设计应遵循以下三个原则:
  1.要求学生做好听前预测工作;
  2.帮助学生将听力重点集中在关键词、句上;
  3.引导学生利用已知线索克服听力过程中的困难,实现有效预测、联系和判断的目标。
  例如下面一段听力材料:
  It was a Saturday morning in May.When Mrs.Edward opened her curtains and looked out,she smiled and said,“It’s going to be a beautiful day.”She woke her small son up at eight-thirty and said to him,“Get up,Teddy.We’re going to the zoo today.Wash your hands and face,brush your teeth and eat your breakfast quickly.We’re going to New York by train.”
  Teddy was six years old.He was very happy now,because he liked going to the zoo very much,and he also liked going by train.He said,“I dreamed about the zoo last night,Mommy.”
  His mother was in a hurry,but she stopped and smiled at her small son.“You did,Teddy?”She said.“And what did you do in the zoo in your dream?”
  Teddy laughed and answered,“You know,Mommy!You were there in my dream too.”
  根据此项策略的要求,教师可以给出以下三个问题让学生进行预测练习:
  Q1.Where was Mrs.Edward going to take her son on Saturday morning?
  Q2.What did her son dream about last night?
  Q3.Why did her son laugh when Mrs.Edward asked what he did in his dream?
  这些问题可以帮助学生为接下来的听力活动做好准备。Q1提供了一些关键词:Mrs.Edward,her son和Saturday morning。这些词可以让学生熟悉事件当中的人物和事件发生的时间。Q2可以使学生知道所发生的事情――做梦。Q3可以帮助学生对于发生在母子之间的对话内容进行预测。如此一来,学生在真正开始听的时候就会觉得容易多了。
  即使是一般水平的学生,只要经过准备,是完全可以找出Q1和Q2的答案的。而对于水平较高的学生来说,找出Q3的答案也应该不成问题。
  2.2为了解某些具体意思的听(Selective Listening)
  此项策略的目的是提高学生在听的过程中抓取某些特定信息的能力,特别是从那些难度稍高于他们实际水平的材料中抓取特定信息的能力。在运用此项策略设计练习题的时候,应注意以下三个原则:
  1.要求学生在预测文章内容的同时,对文章的结构也应给予同样的关注。
  2.明确任务、目标以及学生在听的过程中所扮演的角色。
  3.给学生提供必要的线索,帮助他们克服听力过程中的困难并抓住重要的信息。
  例如下面一段听力材料:
  Good morning everybody.My topic for today is“Early Money”.I’m going to tell you something about money used in the early days.To be honest,we know little about how early people came to use money,but we do know some of the things which have been used as money.In early times in some European countries,salt was very difficult to get. It was used as money.The American Indians used nuts and other things.Perhaps the most common money of all was an animal of some kind.In some places today,cows are still used as a kind of money.So you see,things highly valued by everybody may serve as money.

  The Chinese were the first people to use coins as money.Oh,sorry,you don’t know the word?Well it is spelled C-O-I- N.Here are some coins of the past.You can come over and have a look.
  要想成功地运用此策略,教师应该设计一些问题来帮助学生进行预测,并且将注意力集中在关键的词句上。例如:
  Q1.What is today’s topic?
  Q2.Was salt used as money in some European countries in early times?
  Q3.What was used as money in some parts of Asia?
  Q4.What are still used as money in some places today?
  Q5.Were the Chinese the first people to use coins as money?
  其中的Q2和Q5为学生提供了文中的关键句,有助于降低文章的难度,也就能够帮助学生更好地理解文章的意思。其实,此项策略的运用就是为了确保学生在听的过程中不会遗漏任何重要的信息。
  2.3为学习所听内容的精听(Intensive Listening)
  为学习所听内容的精听(Intensive Listening)目的在于理解听力材料的细节。重点在于把握其中所涉及到的语音、词汇、语法及篇章结构。具体目标是:
  1.引导学生寻找和分析影响有效听力活动进行的原因。
  2.帮助学生充分利用听力材料,学习和积累语音、词汇、语法及篇章结构方面的知识。
  这两点对于提高学生的听力理解能力十分重要。而设计精听练习的原则如下:
  1.要求学生将重点放在对于语言点的理解上。
  2.在理解的基础上学习新单词、新词组以及篇章结构。
  例如下面一段听力材料:
  Mr.Grey was a biology professor,and he had a big collection of extremely rare bones which he was very proud of.Then one year he managed to get a new and better job at another university.Because Mr.Grey was very busy,his wife made the arrangements for all their possessions to be taken in a moving van to their new home while he was away at work.
  The following week three men started taking the things out of Mr.Grey’s house and loading them into the van,when one of them brought out a large wooden box.He was just about to throw it into the van with all the other things when Mrs.Grey ran out of her house and said,“Please treat that box very gently!That one has all my husband’s bones in it.”
  The man was so surprised that he nearly dropped the box on his feet.
  确切地说,在处理这篇听力材料的时候,适宜首先采取Selective Listening的策略。为了获得更好的效果,教师可以事先给出下列八个句子,然后要求学生以小组讨论的方式对即将听到的文章内容进行预测。
  1.A moving van came to the door of Mr.Grey’s house.
  2.Mr.Grey was busy at his office.
  3.The man was going to throw it into the van.
  4.Mrs.Grey watched while the men loaded the van.
  5.Mr.Grey collected a lot of unusual bones.
  6.Mrs.Grey stopped him,saying it contained her husband’s bones.
  7.One of the men brought a big wooden box out of the house.
  8.The man nearly dropped it on his feet.
  此项活动可以降低听力理解的难度,同时使学生做好听的准备。即使仍然存在一些难点,学生也能够根据这些信息找到其它一些必要的信息,从而对全文进行理解。
  精听练习:
  1.Listen and answer the following questions.
  Q1.Why did Mr.Grey collect a lot of bones?
  Q2.What did Mr.Grey do when his wife arranged some workers to move the boxes out of their home?
  Q3.Had the worker thrown the box into the van when Mrs.Grey said,“Please treat that box very gently”?
  Q4.Why was the man so surprised?Did he drop the box on his feet?
  2.Listen and write down the phrases or words which mean the same as follows:collected a lot of unusual bones,was able to get,arranged some people to move their things,putting things into the van.
  3.Read out the words and phrases you have noted down.And then listen again,paying special attention to the way they sound in the story.
  4.Listen to the whole story to enjoy it,without looking at anything.
  在练习1中,Q1的设计是为了让学生注意到单词“biology”。而Q2、Q3和Q4的设计则是为了让学生注意到单词或词组:while,be just about to和nearly。至于练习2,目的则在于扩充学生的单词量。练习3的目的是在理解这些单词或词组的基础之上辨别它们的读音。练习4的设计是为了让学生更好地享受语言学习的过程。
  
  三、结语
  
  三种不同策略的侧重点有所不同,目的在于提高学生不同方面的能力。教师可以根据学生的实际水平、不同的教材和教学目的在三种策略中进行灵活的选择和利用。而选择和利用的关键在于此种策略是否能激发学生学习的兴趣,使他们更加积极主动地参与到课堂的教学活动中来。而一旦学生拥有了这种主动性,听力课堂的教学活动就能取得令人满意的效果。
  
  参考文献:
  [1]Anderson.Anne & lynch,Listening[M].Oxford University Press,1988.
  [2]John W.Santrock. Educational Psychology[M].第三版,北京:世界图书出版公司,2005.
  [3]马占祥.Improving of Students’ Listening Comprehension[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,2002.
  [4]张桂华.Improving English listening ability through mastering English linguistic knowledge[J].内蒙古工业大学学报,2004.
  [5]Zhang Tin ping.Listening Problems Chinese English-learning Students Face and Suggestions for Solving Them[J].昆明工学院学报,1994.


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