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一种单电容集中式均衡电路

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  摘 要:传统BuckBoost型电池均衡电路存在能量传输路径长和均衡速度慢等缺点,而其改进型电路也存在电路复杂、均衡速度不一致的问题。提出一种单电容集中式均衡电路,该电路利用电容器作为虚拟电池临时存储能量,而后周期性地将存储的能量反馈回整组电池,实现对电池组的均衡,解决了传统BuckBoost均衡电路均衡速度不一致的问题。在研究了该均衡电路的工作模式和控制策略的基础上,设计了4个电池的均衡实验电路对工作原理和控制策略进行验证,并进行对比实验。实验结果表明,该均衡电路具有均衡速度快、各电池单体均衡速度一致、能量损耗小的优点。
  关键词:电池均衡;BuckBoost;单电容;均衡速度;控制策略
  DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2020.03.001
  中图分类号:TM 912文献标志码:A文章编号:1007-449X(2020)03-0001-10
  Abstract:Traditional BuckBoost battery equalizer has a long energy transmission path and slow speed, when the imbalanced cells are not adjacent. However, the modified circuit has the problems of complexity and inconsistent equalization speed. In order to solve the above problems, a singlecapacitor centralized battery equalizer based on BuckBoost converter is proposed. The equalizer uses a capacitor as a virtual battery to store battery energy temporarily, and then the stored energy is fed back to the whole battery periodically to realize all cell voltages being uniform, which solves the problem of the inconsistent equalization speed for traditional BuckBoost equalizer. Based on the research of the working mode and control strategy of the equalization circuit, the balanced experimental circuit with four batteries was designed to verify the working principle and control strategy, and several sets of comparative experiments were carried out. The experimental results show that the equilibrium topology has advantages of equilibrium speed, each battery monomer equilibrium speed and low energy loss.
  Keywords:battery equalizer; BuckBoost; singlecapacitor; balancing speed; control strategy
  0 引 言
  如今,儲能单元已成为生产、生活中不可或缺的一部分。而锂离子电池以其能量密度大、自放电小、使用寿命长等优点在生活中被广泛采用。常见锂离子电池单体电压较低,往往需要多个单元串联成组才能实现高压输出。由于制造过程中很难保证各单体内阻、自放电率等参数的一致性,使用过程中电池组串联单元间不均衡现象极易发生,而单体电池过充和过放现象都会大幅度降低电池的使用寿命,影响电池组的整体性能[1-3]。因此,研究性能更加优异的电池均衡电路对提高串联电池组性能和续航能力具有重要意义。
  均衡电路总体上可分为无源均衡电路和有源均衡电路[2,4]。有源均衡电路由于具有能量损耗低、均衡精度高等特点,已成为国内外研究热点。从均衡方式上,有源均衡电路可分为集中式均衡电路和分布式均衡电路。根据电路工作原理的不同,集中式均衡电路又可分为多绕组变压器型、BuckBoost型和DCDC变换器型均衡电路[2,3]。多绕组变压器型均衡电路受变压器体积及加工工艺的影响,难以满足高精度、大数量电池均衡的实际需要[5-9]。在实际应用中,多采用BuckBoost型和DCDC变换器型均衡电路[10-13]。BuckBoost型均衡电路,通过对分流电感周期性的充放电,从而实现电池组中能量的转移。
  早期由Kutu提出了一种采用电流转移方式实现均衡的BuckBoost变换器集中式拓扑结构[14],利用反激变换器回馈能量,该均衡电路体积大、均衡速度慢。文献[15]对上述电路进行改进,利用一套独立的BuckBoost变换器代替反激变换器,体积得到一定程度减小,但未能解决均衡时能量传输路径长、均衡速度慢等问题。文献[16-19]采用双向BuckBoost变换器对BuckBoost集中式均衡结构进行改进,实现能量在相邻电池单体之间的双向传递,但有源开关数量增多,电路复杂性加大。文献[20]提出可同时实现单对多、多对单能量传递的均衡方案,均衡速度有了很大提高,但其均衡速度与上下游串联电池单体数量直接相关。   国内也有学者对BuckBoost型均衡电路进行优化研究,文献[21]在传统BuckBoost型均衡拓扑上增加一组BuckBoost实现对上下半区的均衡,加快了均衡速度。文献[22]中采用了模块化分组的方式,增加了电路的拓展性。但就目前已有的BuckBoost型均衡电路而言,还没有有效的解决电池单体均衡速度不一致的方案。
  本文提出一种基于BuckBoost变换器的单电容集中式均衡电路,利用电容器作为虚拟电池临时存储能量,而后周期性地将电容器存储的能量反馈回整组电池,从而实现对电池组的均衡。本文提出的均衡电路体积小、有源器件少、控制简单,解决了传统BuckBoost类均衡电路均衡速度慢、单体电池均衡速度不一致等问题。本文通过研究该均衡电路的工作模式,采用电池电压分时采样以及单周期内最大均衡电流的控制方法,详细的分析了所提均衡电路的工作原理。最后,本文搭建了四电池均衡实验电路并进行相关实验验证,实验结果表明该均衡电路具有均衡速度快、各电池单体均衡速度一致、能量损耗小的优点。
  1 波形分析与电流路径
  所提出的单电容集中式均衡电路如图1所示。若要对电池Bi放电,则该电池对应的开关管Si周期性导通,此时,电池Bi与电容C1之间,通过电感、开关管和二极管构成了BuckBoost衍生结构电路,该衍生结构电路与传统BuckBoost变换器拓扑结构相类似,如图2所示。
  6 结 论
  本文提出了一种单电容集中式电池均衡电路,该均衡电路均衡速度快、各电池单体均衡速度一致性好。本文详细分析了该均衡电路的工作模式和控制策略,通过仿真与实验对该电路与传统BuckBoost型均衡电路进行了对比分析,设计制作了针对4个电池单体的均衡实验电路,并进行静置、充电和放电下的均衡实验。实验表明:单电容集中式均衡电路能够有效解决传统BuckBoost型均衡电路均衡速度一致性差的问题,提高了均衡速度,极大地拓宽了BuckBoost型电池均衡电路在实际中的应用范围。
  
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