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有机无机复混肥对水稻土烤烟养分积累、分配与利用的影响

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  摘  要:为了实现烤烟施肥的轻简化,采用框栽试验,测定和分析了不同施肥处理(空白,不施肥;CK,烟草专用复合肥;H1,有机无机肥料配比1:1;H2,有机无机肥料配比2:1)对烤烟干物质及养分积累,养分分配率和表观及经济利用率的影响。结果表明,与空白相比,施肥处理极显著提高了烤烟干物质及养分积累量。与CK相比,H1处理烟株钾的积累量和表观及经济利用率极显著提高,其表观和经济利用率分别增加了24.85和19.16个百分点;H2处理烟株根、茎、叶的干物质及氮、磷、钾积累量显著或极显著增加,其氮、磷、钾的表观利用率极显著提高,分别提高了21.15、6.10和24.59个百分点,经济利用率显著或极显著增加,分别增加了10.97、3.79和18.44个百分点;H1和H2处理均降低了烟叶氮分配率,提高了钾的分配率。综合来看,以H2处理的表现较好。
  关键词:烤烟;有机无机复混肥;养分利用率;养分积累;养分分配率
  中图分类号:S572.06          文章编号:1007-5119(2019)02-0030-08      DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2019.02.005
  Abstract: In order to simplify the fertilization of flue-cured tobacco in mountainous regions, a pot experiment was carried out to determine and analyze the effects of different fertilization treatments (blank, no fertilization; CK, fusible tobacco special compound fertilizer; H1 treatment, organic fertilizer: inorganic fertilizer=1∶1, H2 treatment, organic fertilizer∶inorganic fertilizer=2∶1) on dry matter and nutrient accumulation, nutrient distribution ratio, and nutrient utilization ratio of flue-cured tobacco root, stem and leaf. The results showed that compared with the blank, accumulation of dry matter and N, P, K of root, stem, leaf and whole plant was significantly (p≤0.01) increased in the other treatments. Compared with the CK, the K accumulation amount, apparent utilization ratio and economic utilization ratio of H1 treatment were increased significantly (p≤0.01), and that the apparent utilization ratio and economic utilization ratio of H1 treatment were increased 24.85 and 19.16 percentage points, respectively. The accumulation of dry matter and N, P, K of root, stem and leaf of H2 treatment were significantly (p≤0.05 or p≤0.01) increased and the apparent utilization ratios of N, P, K were significantly (p≤0.01) increased, which was 21.15, 6.10 and 24.59 percent higher than the CK, respectively. Simultaneously, the economic utilization ratios of N, P, K of H2 treatment were significantly (p≤0.05 or p≤0.01) increased by 10.97, 3.79 and 18.44 percentage points compared to the CK, respectively. Compared with the CK, the N distribution ratio of leaves was reduced while that of K was increased in organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (H1 and H2).  In summary, H2 treatment showed the best performance.
  常規农业长期施用化肥引起了土壤养分失衡、酸化、盐渍化等一系列环境污染问题,影响了土壤微生物区系和作物对养分的吸收与利用[1];而有机农业则会导致粮食作物、蔬菜和果树减产[2-3]。由此可见,单施有机肥或化肥均不利于作物产量和品质的提高[4],有机-无机复合农业是未来世界农业发展的方向[5],有机无机肥料配施和有机肥料部分替代无机肥料也成为研究的热点。但在常规农业的基础上增施有机肥,无形中增加了施肥用工量和种植成本,不利于农业轻简化栽培的发展;而有机无机复混肥是将有机物料和无机肥料按一定比例混合,采用一定制造工艺加工复合而成,既含有有机质,又含有化学肥料养分[6],有机无机肥料一次性施入土壤,节省了施肥用工成本。许多研究表明,有机无机复混肥能提高番茄[7]、叶类蔬菜[8]、水稻[9-10]、小麦[11-12]、玉米[13]、辣椒[14]等作物产量,改善土壤结构和微生物性状及酶活性[9,12,15],提高作物养分吸收量和利用率[6,10,11,13]。前人对有机肥在烤烟生产中的应用做了大量研究[16-23],但采用框栽试验研究有机无机复混肥对烤烟养分积累、分配及利用的影响鲜见报道。本研究旨在通过有机无机复混肥对水稻土烤烟干物质和养分积累量、分配率及利用率影响的研究,为贵州烤烟生产有机肥料部分替代无机肥料和轻简化施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。   1  材料与方法
  1.1  试验材料
  试验于2017年4—10月在贵州省遵义市烟草公司湄潭科技园进行,采用正方形可拆卸塑料框(边长42 cm,高60 cm)内衬黑色塑料袋,供试品种为烤烟K326。试验土壤为水稻土,土壤碱解氮174.23 mg/kg、速效磷为18.85 mg/kg、速效钾125.25 mg/kg、有机质1.75%、pH 5.67。将水稻土0~20 cm的耕作层土壤晾(晒)干,粉碎后用3 mm孔径筛子过筛并充分混合均匀。每框装土量125 kg(土与烟框上口齐平)。装好土后,用直径10 cm塑料管,做成高20 cm套筒,将其垂直插入装满土的烟框中心点位置,将套筒内土取出,再将各处理基肥(每框按施肥量称准确)施入套筒底部土壤,并与套筒底部土壤充分混均,再将取出的土装回,将烟苗栽入烟框中心点位置,各框烟苗栽入深度相同,根系距施肥位置至少5 cm。
  1.2  试验设计
  试验采用随机区组设计,设空白、CK(对照)、H1和H2共4个处理,3次重复。空白为不施肥,CK为烟草专用复合肥基肥(氮、磷和钾的含量分别为10%、3.9%和20.7%)+追肥(氮、磷、钾的含量分别为15%、0%和24.9%),H1和H2处理均为有机无机复混肥,有机无机复混肥为有机肥与无机肥按照相应比例混合后挤压造粒,H1处理为1∶1有机无机复混肥基肥(无机氮、磷和钾的含量分别为2.5%、2.5%和6.0%,有机氮、磷和钾的含量分别为3.4%、0%和3.5%,C/N为4.5)+追肥(氮、磷、钾含量分别为12%、0%和27.3%),H2处理为2︰1有机无机复混肥基肥(无机氮、磷和钾的含量分别为1.7%、1.7%和4.0%,有机氮、磷和钾的含量分别为2.6%、0%和2.8%,C/N为7.7)+追肥(氮、磷、钾含量分别为12%、0%和27.3%)。不同处理之间的纯氮施用量一致,在此基础上,通过调整追肥的不同养分比例,尽量缩小不同处理之间磷、钾施用量差异。CK基肥纯氮施用量均为4.17 g/框,磷用量为1.63 g/框,钾用量为8.63 g/框; H1处理的基肥纯氮施用量均为4.17 g/框,磷用量为1.77 g/框,钾用量为6.71 g/框;H2处理的基肥纯氮施用量均为4.17 g/框,磷用量为1.65 g/框,钾用量为6.60 g/框。追肥为氮钾二元复合肥,CK纯氮施用量为1.88 g/框,钾用量为3.11 g/框;H1和H2处理纯氮施用量均为1.88 g/框,钾用量为4.28 g/框,其他栽培措施按照当地优质烟叶生产方案执行。
  1.3  测定项目与方法
  烤烟现蕾打顶后,烟叶成熟分次采收,根、茎在烟叶采收结束后一次性收获,收获后均采用105 ℃杀青,65 ℃烘干、称重;同一烟株分次采收的烟叶充分混匀,根、茎、叶磨细后均采用硫酸-过氧化氢消煮,全自动定氮仪测定氮含量、分光光度法测定磷含量、火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定钾含量[24],根据根、茎、叶的干物质积累量及氮磷钾含量计算整株干物质及氮磷钾积累量。
  1.4  养分利用率计算方法
  表观利用率=[(施肥处理烟株吸收该养分总量-空白烟株吸收该养分量)/每株肥料施入该养分量]×100%
  经济利用率=[(施肥处理烟叶吸收该养分总量-空白烟叶吸收该养分量)/每株肥料施入该养分量]×100%
  2  結  果
  2.1  不同肥料处理对烤烟干物质积累的影响
  由图1可知,与空白相比,施肥处理烟株的根、茎、叶及全株的干物质积累量均极显著增加。与CK相比,H1处理烟株根、茎干物质积累量显著增加,增幅分别为24.67%和24.67%,叶片及全株干物质积累量无显著变化;H2处理烟叶干物质积累量显著增加,增幅为37.51%,根、茎和全株的干物质积累量均极显著提高,增幅分别为37.50%、35.11%和36.19%。H1和H2处理间烟株各器官及全株的干物质积累量无显著差异。在本试验条件下,H2处理更有利于烤烟不同器官及全株的干物质积累。
  2.2  不同肥料处理对烤烟不同器官N素含量和积累量的影响
  由图2a可知,与空白相比,施肥处理烟株根、叶及全株的氮含量极显著提高。与CK相比,H1处理烟株的根、茎氮含量显著增加,增幅分别为7.52%和8.63%;H2处理的烤烟茎的氮含量极显著提高,增幅为12.24%,其根、叶及全株的氮含量无显著变化。H1和H2处理之间不同器官氮含量差异均未达到显著水平。由此可见,有机无机复混肥的施用提高了烟株根、茎的氮含量。
  由图2b可见,与空白相比,施肥处理烟株的根、茎、叶及全株的氮积累量均极显著增加。与CK相比,H1处理烟株根、茎氮积累量极显著提高,分别提高了34.66%和35.03%,全株的氮积累量显著增加,增加了24.38%;H2处理烟株叶片氮积累量显著提高,提高了32.54%,根、茎和全株的氮积累量极显著增加,增幅分别为40.92%、54.51%和38.01%。
  2.3  不同肥料处理对烤烟不同器官P素含量和积累量的影响
  由图3a可知,与空白相比,施肥处理烟株的茎、叶及全株的磷含量均极显著增加。与CK相比,H1处理烟株根的磷含量显著降低,降低了11.90%,茎的磷含量极显著增加,增加了28.17%,叶片及全株的磷含量无显著变化;H2处理烟株的茎磷含量极显著提高,提高了14.79%,根、叶片及全株磷含量均没有显著变化。H2处理烟株根磷含量显著高于H1,但其茎磷含量显著低于H1,2个处理之间的叶片及全株的磷含量差异不显著。由此可见,施用有机无机复混肥极显著促进了烟株茎磷含量提高,但对叶片及全株磷含量影响不大。
  2.4  不同肥料处理对烤烟不同器官K素含量和积累量的影响   參考文献
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