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民国丝绸旗袍纹样装饰艺术探微

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  摘要: 丝绸旗袍作为民国女装的典型,巧妙地衬托出女性优雅的身型,释放着女性魅惑的神情,其纹样装饰兼收并蓄,较之清代旗袍变化显著。文章针对民国丝绸旗袍,从发展动因、造型特征、色彩特征、装饰内涵等方面对纹样装饰进行探究,客观反映民国染织艺术水平。研究表明:伴随款式的不断改良和丝绸面料的激增,以及科技、文化、教育等社会背景的助推,民国丝绸旗袍纹样在造型上吸收西方光影表现技法,较清代更加立体,且“花小叶大”形式更为突出;配色上由崇尚纯色对比转向清丽雅淡,且大量应用复色;装饰内涵上淡化等级象征,体现出以人为本的设计目的,以及中西交融的文化含义。
  关键词: 民国;丝绸旗袍;纹样;造型特征;色彩特征;装饰内涵
  中图分类号: TS941.11;J523.1文献标志码: B文章编号: 10017003(2020)01006205
  引用页码: 011202DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017003.2020.01.011
  Research on decorative art of silk cheongsam pattern in the Republic of China
  XU Bin1, WEN Run2
  Abstract: Silk cheongsam, as a typical dress of women in the Republic of China, skillfully sets off the elegant figure of women and releases the charm of women. Its pattern decoration is inclusive, which is more remarkable than that of the Qing dynasty cheongsam. For the silk cheongsam of the Republic of China, this paper explores the pattern decoration from the aspects of development motivation, shape characteristics, color characteristics and decorative connotation, and objectively reflects the dyeing and weaving level of the Republic of China. The research shows that with the continuous improvement of the style and the sharp increase of silk fabrics, as well as the promotion of social background such as science, technology, culture and education, the pattern of silk cheongsam in the Republic of China absorbed the expression skills of western light and shadow in its shape, which is more threedimensional than that in the Qing dynasty, and the form of "small flowers and large leaves" is more prominent. The color matching changed from pure color contrast to elegant light colors, and broken colors are applied in quantity. The decorative connotation weakens hierarchical symbols and reflects the peopleoriented design purpose, as well as the cultural implications of the integration of Chinese culture and the western culture.
  Key words: the Republic of China; silk cheongsam; pattern; shape feature; color feature; the connotation of decoration
  旗袍作為中国袍服家族中的一员,以其独有魅力,被誉为“东方的神话”。旗袍演变主要经历了清代旗女之袍、民国改良旗袍和当代旗袍三个发展时期,其中以民国时期最为经典。民国丝绸旗袍属于高端产品,提花、印花、绣花皆有,各类花型兼顾,品质优良,气质高贵,代表了民国女性和女装的经典形象。与清代旗袍呈现的程式化与繁缛倾向相比,民国丝绸旗袍在思想解放、产业转型、教育变革、时尚更迭的大环境下,纹饰趋于多元,既有对清代的继承,又有西方艺术风潮的影响,彰显出民国染织设计的较高水准。本文通过搜集苏浙沪三地多家丝绸博物馆、服饰博物馆、院校资料室收藏的实物样本,以及相关图片、文字资料,对民国丝绸旗袍纹样装饰艺术的外在形式与内在涵义展开探究。
  1民国丝绸旗袍纹样装饰的发展动因
  1.1民国旗袍款式历经改良
  清朝末期至辛亥革命,满族旗女所穿旗袍式样仍为宽身、窄袖、低领的直筒式,两侧或四面开衩,十分保守。在20世纪20年代,旗袍发展为宽腰,倒大袖,下摆过膝,两侧开衩,俗称“淑女型旗袍”。1929年,国民政府颁布新服制条例确定了旗袍的基本样式,即“齐领,前襟右掩,长至膝与踝中点,与裤下端齐,袖长至肘与手脉中点,色蓝,纽扣六”[1]。基于此项条例,曾经等级分明、高贵繁缛的旗人之袍走上了平民化的道路,旗袍开始在社会上普及。20世纪30年代的旗袍在款式上可谓中西合璧,变化多端。1934年前后,袍身渐次伸长,直至30年代末下摆及地且高开衩,被称为“拖地旗袍”。胸省和腰省使腰身不断紧缩,曲线立显。到了20世纪40年代,下摆复又提高至膝下,袖子也随之缩短直至无袖,领高降低甚至无领,开始了显示女性身姿风韵的流线型旗袍时代。这一改良即成经典,它省去了繁琐的装饰,为旗袍纹样的简洁化提供了方向。
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