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冠心病与贫血的相关关系研究进展

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  [摘要] 冠心病与贫血都是老年人群常见病,且诸多研究证实两者在病因学和病理学方面相互影响、共同促进,在老龄化加剧的当今社会中成为越来越突出的问题。本文从流行病学特征的相似性、共同影响因素及共有发病机制等方面总结了冠心病与贫血之间可能存在的内在联系,并针对我国冠心病合并贫血患者的发病现状对其临床防治提供几点建议,有助于冠心病患者积极纠正贫血,改善预后。
  [关键词] 冠心病;贫血;病因学;病理学;综述
  [中图分类号] R541.4          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)03(a)-0053-03
  [Abstract] Both coronary heart disease and anemia are common diseases of the elderly, and many studies have confirmed that they affect each other in terms of etiology and pathology, and jointly promote each others′ development, which has become more and more prominent problems in the aging society today. In this article, we summarize the possible internal relations between coronary heart disease and anemia from the aspects of similarity of epidemiological characteristics, common influencing factors and common pathogenesis, etc. In view of the present situation of anemia associated with coronary heart disease in China, some suggestions for clinical prevention and treatment are presented in this article, and we believed that positive correction of anemia with coronary heart disease could improve the prognosis of patients.
  [Key words] Coronary heart disease; Anemia; Nosetiology; Pathology; Summarize
  心臟是人体的重要器官,其主要作用是泵血,以促进携带氧气和营养物质的血液能经动脉输送到器官、组织,进而满足各器官、组织、细胞代谢需要。“冠心病”是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的简称,该疾病发病机制复杂,至今尚未完全阐明其具体发病原因,一般认为脂质代谢异常与该疾病发病密切相关。有研究显示沉积在血液中的脂质形成的动脉粥样硬化病变是冠心病的最重要发病原因,动脉粥样硬化病变将导致动脉腔狭窄,促使心脏血供减少,进而引发心脏缺血,产生心绞痛、心肌梗死,最终导致心功能不全甚至死亡。流行病学调查发现冠心病已经成为我国居民的重要死因,该疾病己成为威胁我国居民健康的公共健康问题[1]。贫血是指人体外周血红细胞或血红蛋白容量减少,低于正常范围下限的一种常见的临床综合征。研究显示贫血在临床上很常见,老年人群发病率高于青中年[2-3]。调查研究显示全球贫血患病率为24.8%,累及全球数十亿人口[4]。本文对冠心病合并贫血的流行病学方面、冠心病合并贫血的原因和对策进行综述。
  1 冠心病患者合并贫血的流行病学
  流行病学调查发现在我国人群中急性冠脉综合征患者贫血的发病率为10%~45%[5],此发病率高于美国相关研究数据[6]。而急性冠脉综合征合并贫血患者中老年患者比例为24%~40%。有调查显示我国老年急性心肌梗死患者中合并贫血者高达43%[7]。冠心病患者心功能不同,贫血的发病率也有较大差异,Wen-Ni等[8]调查表明,心功能Ⅰ级(NYHA分级)患者中约7%有贫血,心功能Ⅳ级的患者中约58%有贫血,贫血的发生率和严重性与慢性心功能衰竭的严重性呈明显正相关。急性冠脉综合征合并贫血的危险因素众多,临床研究发现女性、低体重指数和糖尿病等因素均是急性冠脉综合征发生贫血的重要危险因素[9-10]。从类型上看,冠心病合并贫血中最常见的为营养不良性贫血(47.1%),其中缺铁性贫血(25.5%)、巨幼细胞性贫血(21.6%)及肾性贫血(23.5%)较多见,而恶性肿瘤、血液系统疾病及肝硬化、脾功能亢进等患者合并贫血较前几种情况少见[11-12]。一项涉及2003人的调查研究发现冠心病患者发生贫血的相关因素显示,高龄冠心病患者贫血发生率较高[13]。而高龄冠心病患者贫血发生率高可能与以下因素有关[14-15]:①高龄冠心病患者肾功能较中青年差,因此高龄患者发生冠心病时,肾脏灌注不足状况更加严重,进而导致红细胞生成素产生减少,引发患者贫血的发生;②高龄冠心病患者机体代偿能力差,因此心功能代偿时易导致相关神经体液机制、交感神经功能及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮(RAAS)系统激活,这也将显著损害肾脏功能,导致红细胞生成素合成减少;③高龄冠心病患者肾功能差,常伴有蛋白尿,使重组人红细胞生成素(EPO)、铁及转铁蛋白从尿液大量丢失;④高龄冠心病患者长期服用阿司匹林,易引起消化道出血,从而导致失血性贫血。
  2 贫血对冠心病影响及其机制   贫血对冠心病患者结局也有一定影响,研究显示低血红蛋白水平是接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)、冠脉旁路手术等治疗患者发生不良心血管事件的重要影响因素[16]。贫血冠心病患者的影响体现在血液氧含量及营养物质供应降低上,当心肌梗死发生时,较低的血红蛋白浓度将导致梗死或缺血区心肌的氧供及营养物质供应不足,进而引发包括心律失常、低血压等一系列问题,而这些问题常常导致患者预后不佳。冠心病合并贫血的原因多种多样,其中与冠心病患者贫血密切相关的有溶栓、抗栓、抗血小板聚集、PCI治疗等医疗活动,且肾功能不全、糖尿病和心力衰竭也是导致冠心病患者出现贫血的重要原因。国外有学者指出RAAS抑制剂的使用也可能引起冠心病患者出现贫血,并指出其机制与血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)抑制红细胞生成有关,而一旦冠心病患者出现心力衰竭则贫血情况将显著加重[17]。国内学者研究发现轻度贫血也能使心肌缺血加重,导致急性冠脉综合征,并发现心绞痛发生率较非贫血组高,在冠脉闭塞不全时,贫血将打破心肌氧供和心肌氧耗之间微平衡,进而导致心肌缺血的发生[18]。另有研究显示冠心病患者心脏储备功能明显下降,相应耐受缺血能力下降,这也是导致急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死后患者预后较差的重要原因[19]。多数学者认为冠心病患者更易遭受低血红蛋白困扰,一方面是因为低血红蛋白将损害红细胞的携氧能力,诱发心肌缺氧缺血;另一方面低血红蛋白可导致交感活性和心肌耗氧量增加,进一步降低了冠脉储备,使心肌缺血恶化,诱发急性冠脉综合征发生,甚至导致患者死亡[20-21]。
  3 缺铁性贫血对冠心病患者影响
  缺铁性贫血导致冠心病发病率增加的机制尚不明确,目前研究指出其机制可能与缺铁性贫血促进动脉粥样硬化有关,但多项研究均指出缺铁性贫血可从以下几方面对冠心病患者产生影响[22-25]:①贫血患者血红蛋白下降导致血液携带氧气能力降低,机体缺血、缺氧时将激活交感神经系统,导致反射性心率加快,继而缩短心肌舒张期;②缺铁性贫血将激活RAAS系统,严重时可导致水、钠潴留增加,引发血容量增加,加重心脏负荷,可能导致患者心肌的缺血缺氧恶化;③缺铁性贫血会导致血管内皮细胞功能紊乱,这可能是与贫血导致血管内皮细胞发生缺血、缺氧改变有关;④缺铁性贫血加重冠心病患者临床表现,这是因为血液携氧量下降,冠脉供氧不足,使冠脉易发生痉挛,诱发心绞痛或导致其他冠状动脉血液供应不足的现象;⑤缺铁性贫血确诊后,医生可能改变患者的冠心病治疗方案,尤其是阿司匹林、β-阻滞剂和他汀类药使用方案,这些药物的调整可能对于冠心病患者产生多方面影响。
  4 冠心病患者贫血的预防
  冠心病患者发生贫血后,预后显著变差,因此对冠心病患者贫血进行早期预防对预防急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的发生、发展有重要意义。一旦冠心病发展为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死,特别是在急性缺血发作早期应积极抗贫血治疗,提高血红蛋白域值水平,以尽可能减少冠脉事件发生,降低死亡率,改善預后[26-27]。EPO纠正贫血将会对患者有益,rh-EPO对心功能有直接益处,对于有明显贫血表现的冠心病患者可考虑使用EPO来纠正贫血[28-30]。
  5 小结
  综上,冠心病与贫血均好发于老年人,我国冠心病合并贫血的发生率远远高于欧美等发达国家。在流行病学、病因学和病理机制等方面,两者之间具有诸多共同点,且其作用机制可相互影响,共同促进双方的发生与发展,其同时发生可增加不良心血管事件的风险。因此,对于冠心病患者,应重视并积极改善贫血,这对提高患者预后有积极意义。
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  (收稿日期:2018-09-11  本文编辑:金   虹)
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