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山东第一寺――神通寺遗址

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  在济南南部山区美丽的山川之中,隐藏着一座久负盛名的寺院遗址,这就是神通寺遗址。神通寺遗址是山东地区最早的一座寺院遗址,虽然千年的风雨斑驳了寺院的辉煌壮丽,但至今遗存的古塔旧碑、摩崖造像等等,却依然焕发着熠熠光彩,成为人们流连忘返的游览胜地。
  神通寺原来叫郎公寺,是一位叫僧朗的和尚于公元351年创立的。到了隋朝,隋文帝因为得神通感应,而改名为“神通寺”。
  僧朗是东晋时期的和尚,曾经就学于西域来的高僧佛图澄。据说佛图澄很有些法术,除了精通佛法外,还能够役使鬼神、呼风唤雨、与天神交通,把香油胭脂抹到手掌上,就能够看到千里之外的事情。这自然是神化或者演义,但有关其治病救人、起死回生的医术恐非夸张,因为早期和尚在传播佛教的时候,为了博得社会的信任,曾经依靠医道或某些“法术”取信于人,迷惑信徒,最终将佛陀的教义兜售出去。僧朗作为佛图澄的高足,在接受佛教学说教育的同时,很可能也学到了一些法术,如传记所称其能够明天文地理等本领,就是佛教之外的学问。
  也许正是因为僧朗和其师傅一样“硕学渊通”,所以他在卓锡山东之后,当即得到了统治者们的尊崇和重视,不但盘踞山东地区的南燕国主将其奉为神明,而且远在江南的东晋皇帝,入主长安的前、后秦国王以及异域他邦的高丽、昆仑等国家元首等等,也无不奉金赠银,支持其发展佛教事业。山东第一寺由此蜚声中外,僧朗也被尊称为朗公,其寺院也被呼为朗公寺,寺院的规模也因此而不断扩大,最终成为中国东部地区影响最大的佛教胜地。
  第一个在神通寺开凿佛像的和尚叫沙栋,他于唐高祖武德二年(公元619年)在神通寺西邻的山崖上造就了第一尊佛像,开始了依山凿崖的佛教功德。这个叫沙栋的和尚时年70岁,应该是在神通寺供职的僧人。25年后,另一个叫明德的僧人继踵而至,于贞观十八年(公元644年)造石像两躯,其原因和沙栋一样,也是感觉自己年事已高,“风烛难依”,遂出资雕造两尊佛像,寄托自己的理想和追求。此后,明德和尚又于唐高宗显庆三年(公元657年)再次造像,并题记说明造像目的。
  和尚造像,在南北朝时期本算不得什么豪情壮举,不过是平常的一项功德而已,但沙栋和明德敢在初唐时期开始神通寺的摩崖造像事业,则不能不多少担一些政治风险,因为初唐时期的统治者对佛教并不怎么推崇,对于开窟造像等活动也不怎么提倡,特别是当有人向唐高祖进言其嫡系来自于老子之后,唐朝的皇帝们一直视佛教为非正统宗教,而且当唐朝革了大事崇拜佛教的隋王朝的命脉后,自然也不能很快地和隋朝的统治者“同流合污”。因此,在全国上下高扬老子和道教思想的时候,沙栋和明德敢冒天下之大不韪,公然劈山削崖,雕造佛像,也称得上是非常之举。这从两位僧人造像题记上也可以窥见些许端倪:只为自己祈祷,不管其它闲事。但是,正是两僧人的提倡,使神通寺遗址又增添了一处亮不可替代的风景:后来的善男信女,紧随其后,把造像的面积扩而大之,形成山东地区最大的唐代摩崖造像。
  朗公和尚选择的这片净土,史称金舆谷,其形势俨然一座高背靠椅,坐北面南,藏风蔽气,为济南南部山区首选风水宝地。因此,1600年的佛教事业,为这里留存下数不胜数的历史文化遗迹。地上地下,隋唐及元清佛塔、殿基、石柱、柱础、古井、古碾、碑刻等等,俯拾皆是,目不暇接。沙栋和明德又在佛寺之外,倡导了新的景观千佛崖摩崖造像。后来的主持们还以长眠的方式,在遗址上营造了一片塔林。寺院遗址、摩崖造像和高僧的墓塔林,使神通寺遗址格外引人注目。当历史跨入当代之后,这里理所当然地得到了国家和社会的高度重视和保护,国家文物行政管理部门将四门塔等四处重要遗迹公布为国家级重点文物保护单位。一个遗址之上拥有如此众多国家级别的重要文物,不但济南第一,山东第一,而且在全国范围内也是少见的。这是三位和尚的功劳,也是古代劳动人民血汗的结晶。
  神通寺在大众口碑之中,其实还有一个更加响亮的名字:四门塔。
  四门塔是神通寺遗址上的一座佛教建筑,和四门塔时代相近的还有三座古塔,分别是龙虎塔、皇姑塔和九顶塔。
  四门塔因四面有门而被称为“四门塔”,建于何年,没有确切的文字记载。但据后来维修时发现的“大业七年造”(公元611年)石刻字样,一般称其为隋代的建筑。塔内现存四尊佛像,分别面向东西南北,四面佛雕造于东魏武定二年(公元544年),是在济南从政的一位官员所为。由此可以推断,四门塔神很可能是为四面佛而设。因为该塔的形制为塔心柱式塔,即以一根四方正棱的中心柱支撑整座建筑,这也是早期佛塔的形式。四面佛就依塔心柱而设,因此四门塔的始建年代应该和四面佛同时,只不过到了隋代后又有翻修而已。
  四门塔的佛像从一开始就命运多舛,先是唐代的观音、势至等5尊造像遗失,接着是两块题记被盗,至今下落不明。到1997年初春,面向东方的造像又惨遭荼毒,被不法分子将佛首割下,盗卖到台湾地区。所幸的是,该佛头身首异处5年之后,又在台湾佛教界及海峡两岸信士们的努力下,破镜重圆,回归原位,成就了21世纪海峡两岸携手酿造的一大文化盛事。
  与四门塔遥相呼应的是龙虎塔。龙虎塔筑造于唐代,一般认为,该塔是盛唐时期的作品。但根据唐代佛教发展的历史现实,龙虎塔的建造很可能与武则天有关。因为武则天是取代李唐王朝而建立的新政权,针对李世民们冷落佛教的方针,武则天一上台,就大肆扶持和宣扬佛教,并暗示有关佛徒特别编造了一部新的佛经,声称武则天的篡权是佛陀的本义,有着君权神授的理论根据,不同的是李唐政权得益于老子李耳,而武则天的“神”却是来自他邦的佛陀。政治的需要,导致了神通寺佛教事业的辉煌:在这里,不但僧侣们的造像名正言顺,而且还加入了皇家的队伍,如公主、驸马和王子的摩崖造像等等。因此,像龙虎塔这样精美的佛塔,且建造在神通寺主要位置之上,没有国家或贵族的大力支持是不可想象的。到盛唐时期,李家的后代重新执政,对武则天进行了理所当然的意念否定,在复位李唐天下的同时,也复辟了道教的地位。政治的因素注定了龙虎塔诞生的时代应该与统治者的倡导相关。
  龙虎塔建筑自身也显示了这段历史的实际情况:塔基、塔身为石制构件,且装饰有精美的雕刻,但塔顶却为砖砌砖筑,其风格也与唐朝径庭,颇多宋朝的样式。这种唐代身躯宋式帽的组合,再次表明该塔的命运与政治相关,是武则天的后裔们终止了这座建筑的修筑,使其成为“半拉子工程”。
  和龙虎塔时代相同的还有一座石塔,除了体量小之外,基本形制和龙虎塔大体一样,因此被人们称为“小龙虎塔”。小龙虎塔原来不是神通寺的遗物,而是从距此不远的另一座寺院“皇姑庵”迁移过来的。据塔身东面题记。该塔建于唐开元五年(公元717年),距武则天去世仅12年,也是唐玄宗尚未来得及大事道教的时期。初唐时期,济南的皇姑是唐太宗的女儿南平长公主,因其驸马刘玄意出任齐州(今济南)刺史而移居济南。南平长公主是唐高宗的姐姐,也是武则天的大伯姑,是唐中宗、显宗的姑姑,因此神通寺附近的这座“皇姑庵”很可能与南平长公主有关,或是她出资修建,或是后人所为。从该塔精湛的雕刻技艺和皇姑庵发现的其他唐代雕刻可以看出,其水平具有皇家气派,应该也是皇族所为。
  皇姑为神通寺所做的另一大贡献是和驸马及其弟弟赵王李福分别为唐太宗雕造的佛像。这些摩崖造像不但丰富了沙栋和明德的事业,使千佛崖规模不断扩大完善,而且也使其造像艺术提高到了皇家的水准,让我们在时隔千年之后,得以领略皇族级别的造像风采。
  与龙虎塔的“孪生”相同,四门塔也有一位“克隆”形象,这就是“送衣塔”。送衣塔的形制和四门塔极为相似,只是少开了东西北三个门而已。送衣塔演义的是“孝女故事”。据记载,明朝时期一位官员因年事已高,且又不肯与当权者合流,遂愤然出家,在神通寺挂单做了和尚,其女为了照顾老父,也毅然随父剃度,在神通寺相邻的“涌泉庵”出家做了尼姑,并一边修行,一边照顾老父。因囿于时尚的限制,孝女给老父拆洗的衣物不能亲自送到寺庙里边,只好在寺庵交界处修造了一座石塔,定期把拆洗或缝补好的衣物寄存在塔内,由老父的弟子们取走。同样,如老父有脏或破了的衣物,也送至塔内,由孝女取走去浆洗缝补,直至老父圆寂归天。此后,该孝女仍长期定居于涌泉庵,并成为一代主持,她就是法号为“明喜”的庵主。
  另外,在神通寺遗址东侧青龙山上,还矗立着一座宋代的石塔,俗称“小宋塔”,有题记表明该塔的年代是北宋“绍圣五年”,即1098年。
  1998年,当联合国教科文组织的专家视察了神通寺遗址后,对其文化内涵和保存状态给予了很高的评价,称其为保存“最好的佛教遗址”。如今,神通寺遗址已经被当地政府划定为“四门塔风景名胜管理区”,提升了管理和保护的水平。
  
  In the scenic southern mountainous area of Jinan City, there is a famous cultural relic. That is the time-honored Shentong Temple, the earliest temple as well as the Buddhist headquarters in Shandong Province.
  Shentong Temple, previously called Langgong Temple, was constructed by a monk named Seng Lang in 351 A.D. During the Sui Dynasty (581-618), Emperor Suiwen renamed the temple as Shentong Temple (Theurgy Temple), since he felt theurgy from the heaven.
  In 619, during the Tang Dynasty, a monk called Sha Dong, then 70 years of age, sculpted the first Buddhist statue on the cliff west of Shentong Temple. Twenty-five years later, another monk, Ming De, came to Shentong Temple and carved two more Buddhist statues into the cliff. Also like Sha Dong, because he felt he was too old to live any longer, and in order to repose his own ideas and wishes, he donated money from his own funds to sculpt other statues. However, as matters turned out, Monk Ming De was blessed with “Shou” (longevity); and in 657, he created even more statues and carved inscriptions on the cliff to explain his purpose and the meaning of these statues.
  During the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-581), and the Sui Dynasty which followed (581-618), Buddhism had already spread widely throughout China and was regarded by the government as a popular and benign religion. So, if a monk donated funds to sculpt a Buddhist statute, no one would think it a special affair. However, after the Tang Dynasty replaced the Sui Dynasty in 581, the situation concerning religion underwent profound changes.

  Somebody told Tang Gaozu, the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty, that he was a lineal descendant of Lao Tzu, the founder of the Taoist religion in China; so the Tang government encouraged people to covert to Taoism. Moreover, after overthrowing Sui, the Tang Dynasty, as a matter of policy, preferred not to inherit the former religious tradition, which could influence the people to recall their loyalty to the previous government. So naturally, under these circumstance, it was a kind of political risk to sculpt Buddhist statues. In the stone inscriptions left by the two monks on the cliff, we can see that they were careful to declare that they sculpted these statues only for the purpose of prayer, and had no intentions to express political opinions or meddle in government affairs. Nevertheless, their inspiration and initiative encouraged many later sincere Buddhism devotees to sculpt even more statues on the rock face, eventually making this the most extensive collection of Buddhist cliff statues in Shandong, and turning the Shentong Temple into a scenic spot second to none in the world.
  Among the local ordinary people, referring to Shentong Temple, they would rather call it Four-door Pagoda (Si Men Ta).
  Four-door Pagoda, in fact, is a Buddhist construction on the relics site of Shentong Temple, nearby which there are three ancient pagodas, respectively named the Dragon & Tiger Pagoda (Long Hu Ta), the Huanggu Pagoda (Huanggu Ta), and the Nine Pinnacle Pagoda (Jiu Ding Ta).
  Four-door Pagoda has four gates, one facing each of the four directions, hence its name. Though there is no written document to record when the pagoda was built, when the pagoda was repaired, people found some stone inscriptions showing the words “Built in 611.” According to this, it is judged that the pagoda was built during the Sui Dynasty. Inside the pagoda, there are four Buddhist statures, facing north, east, south, and west, respectively; and these were sculpted in 544 by an official in Jinan during the Eastern Wei Period (534-550). By this, it seems evident that the pagoda was built to enshrine the four sculptures.
  These Buddhist statues have incurred the ravages of time and weather for almost five centuries. During the Tang Dynasty, five related statues were lost. Later, two tablets were stolen, and no one knows where they are now. In the early spring of 1997, the head of the statue facing east was severed by some lawless people and sold to Taiwan. Luckily, five years later, thanks to the concerted efforts of Buddhist devotees in Taiwan and the Chinese mainland, this priceless relic was returned.
  As an added attraction, on the Qinglong Mountain east of Shentong Temple, there is a picturesque stone pagoda, which is titled the “Little Song Pagoda,” because inscriptions reveal that it was built in 1098 during the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127).
  In 1998, after visiting the cultural relics of Shentong Temple, specialists from UNESCO set a high value on its cultural contents and called it the best preserved Buddhist relics site in Shandong Province, urging that it be carefully protected from further erosion or theft. Accordingly, this precious international treasure has been established by the local government as the “Four-Door Scenic Administration Area.”


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