右心室功能与系统性红斑狼疮合并肺动脉高压患者的病情及生活质量的相关性
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作者:肖洁 史学功 赵韧
【摘要】 目的 探討右心室功能与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)合并肺动脉高压(PAH)患者的病情及生活质量的相关性。 方法 选择2017年3月至2018年1月于安徽医科大学第一附属医院就诊的SLE合并PAH患者90例纳入SLE+ PAH组,将同期于我院就诊的常规SLE患者82例纳入SLE组,再将同期于我院体检健康的成年患者91例纳入对照组。收集所有患者一般资料及检测指标,并比较三组患者间差异。随后根据SLE+ PAH组患者PAH病情(EULAR/ACR标准)进行分组,比较两组患者间右心室舒张末期面积(RV EDA)、右心室心肌功能指数(RV MPI)、肺动脉收缩压(PASP)、三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)、右室面积变化分数(RV FAC)、三尖瓣口舒张早期和晚期血流峰值比(E/A)、舒张早期三尖瓣血流峰值和三尖瓣瓣环组织多普勒速度比值(E/e’)的差异。最后分析上述指标与患者病情评分及生活质量评分(SF-36)的相关性。 结果 SLE+ PAH组RV基底直径(39.74±4.92:28.29±4.13:27.34±3.72)、RV EDA(22.83±3.62:17.92±2.38:17.47±2.94)、RV MPI(0.52±0.08:0.41±0.05:0.36±0.06)、PASP(61.34±9.12:24.19±2.94:18.53±2.34)及E/e’(6.64±1.63:4.87±0.92:3.25±0.43)均显著高于其他两组(F=232.90,85.31,143.32,1462.63,521.57;均P < 0.01),而TAPSE(14.83±3.14:20.38±3.29:25.54±3.52)、RV FAC(27.23±4.42:37.14±5.33:42.37±6.13)、E/A(0.62±0.18:1.24±0.29:1.56±0.23)显著低于其他两组(F=394.56,186.90,370.56;P < 0.05)。SLE+ PAH组中WHO分类Ⅰ-Ⅱ期共计52例,而Ⅲ-Ⅳ期共计38例。Ⅰ-Ⅱ组中TAPSE(21.62±2.93:9.41±3.29)、RV FAC(41.39±4.23:27.14±3.95)、E/A(0.84±0.21vs0.47±0.19)均显著高于Ⅲ-Ⅳ组(t=18.54,16.28,8.59;均P < 0.01),而RV基底段直径(37.47±4.83:43.19±5.24)、RV EDA(19.33±3.72:23.43±3.98)、RV MPI(0.42±0.08:0.74±0.09)、PASP(41.42±6.43:83.39±11.23)及E/e’(4.88±0.78:9.47±2.94)显著低于Ⅲ-Ⅳ组(t=-5.35,-5.01,-17.78,-22.41,-10.77,均P < 0.01)。SLE+ PAH组患者RV MPI及PASP与病情呈正相关,且为影响SLEDAI评分的独立危险因素(β=0.185,0.226;P < 0.01);而TAPSE及RVFAC与病情呈负相关,为SLEDAI评分的保护因素(β=-0.271,-0.410;P < 0.01);该组患者中RV MPI及PASP与SF-36得分呈负相关,且为影响患者SF-36评分的独立危险因素(β=-0.404,-0.573;均P < 0.01)。 结论 PASP及MPI作为影响SLE合并PAH患者病情及生活质量的独立危险因素,在今后临床工作中应加以重视。
【关键词】 系统性红斑狼疮;肺动脉高压;右心室功能;生活质量
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the correlation between right ventricular function and the condition and quality of life of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) combined with pulmonary hypertension(PAH). Methods 90 patients with SLE and PAH who were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from March 2017 to January 2018 were selected into the SLE + PAH group. At the same time, 82 conventional SLE patients who were treated in our hospital during the same period were included in the SLE group. 91 adult patients who were healthy taking physical examination in our hospital during the same period were included in the control group. Collect general information and testing indicators of all patients, and compare the differences between the three groups. Patients were divided into groups according to their PAH status (EULAR/ACR criteria) in the SLE + PAH group. The differences in right ventricular end-diastolic area (RV EDA), Right ventricular myocardial function index (RV MPI), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP), tricuspid annulus systolic displacement (TAPSE), C right ventricular area change score (RV FAC), Peak tricuspid valve diastole early and late peak blood flow ratio (E/A), Early diastolic tricuspid valve blood flow peak and tricuspid annulus tissue Doppler velocity ratio (E/e’) between the two groups of patients were compared. Finally, the correlation between the above indicators and the patient's condition score and quality of life score (SF-36) was analyzed. Results The RV base diameter (39.74±4.92:28.29 ±4.13:27.34±3.72), RV EDA (22.83±3.62:17.92±2.38:17.47±2.94), RV MPI (0.52±0.08:0.41± 0.05:0.36±0.06), PASP (61.34±9.12:24.19±2.94:18.53±2.34), and E/e' (6.64±1.63:4.87±0.92:3.25±0.43) in the + PAH group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (F=232.90, 85.31, 143.323, 1462.63, 521.57; P < 0.001). And TAPSE (14.83±3.14:20.38±3.29:25.54±3.52), RV FAC (27.23±4.42:37.14 ±5.33:42.37±6.13), E/A (0.62±0.18:1.24±0.29:1.56±0.23) were significantly lower than the other two groups (F=394.56, 186.90, 370.56; P < 0.05). In the SLE + PAH group, a total of 52 cases were classified as WHO Stage I-II, and 38 cases were classified as Stage III-IV. TAPSE (21.62±2.93:9.41±3.29), RV FAC (41.39±4.23:27.14±3.95), and E/A (0.84±0.21vs0.47±0.19)in group Ⅰ-Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅲ-Ⅳ (t=18.54, 16.28, 8.59; P < 0.001). The RV basal segment diameter (37.47±4.83:43.19±5.24), RV EDA (19.33±3.72:23.43±3.98), RV MPI (0.42±0.08:0.74±0.09), PASP (41.42±6.43:83.39±11.23), and E/e' (4.88±0.78:9.47±2.94) were significantly lower than those in the III-IV group (t=-5.35, -5.01, -17.78, -22.41, -10.77, P < 0.01). The RV MPI and PASP in SLE + PAH group were positively correlated with the condition, and were independent risk factors of the SLEDAI score (β=0.185, 0.226; P <0.01). The TAPSE and RRVAC were negatively correlated with the condition, and were protective factors for the SLEDAI score (β=-0.271, -0.410; P < 0.01). In this group of patients, RV MPI and PASP were negatively correlated with SF-36 scores, and were independent risk factors of patients' SF-36 scores (β=-0.404, -0.573; P <0.01). Conclusion PASP and MPI are independent risk factors of the condition and quality of life in patients with SLE combined with PAH , which should be paid attention to in future clinical work. 【Key words】 Systemic lupus erythematosus; Pulmonary hypertension; Right ventricular function; Quality of life
系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)作为自身免疫性结缔组织病,其对全身多个系统均有显著影响,SLE所致的肺动脉高压(pulmonary artery hypertension,PAH)是导致此类患者死亡的重要因素之一[1]。研究表明,由于肺动脉与右心室相连,故SLE所致的PAH可能影响患者右心室相关结构及功能[2]。而目前超声心动图是临床评价患者右心室功能的重要手段,但是将之运用于评价SLE所致的PAH患者病情及生活质量的相关研究却较少。故本文旨在为临床SLE所致的PAH患者的综合评价提供理论依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择2017年3月至2018年1月于安徽医科大学第一附属医院就诊的SLE合并PAH患者90例纳入SLE+ PAH组,同时将同期于我院就诊的常规SLE患者82例纳入SLE组,再将同期于我院体检健康的成年人91例纳入对照组。所有患者均签署知情同意书并报医院伦理委员会审核通过,其中SLE+ PAH组平均年龄(35.74±4.15)岁;平均体质量指数(BMI)(24.94±0.72)kg/m2;男7例,女83例。SLE组平均年龄(35.21±3.47)岁;平均BMI(25.02±0.93)kg/m2;男4例,女78例。对照组平均年龄(36.42±4.73)岁;平均BMI(24.78±0.81)kg/m2;男10例,女81例。三组患者一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。纳入标准:(1)SLE+PAH组符合《中国成人系统性红斑狼疮相关肺动脉高压诊治共识》中关于SLE+PAH的诊断[3];(2)SLE组符合美国风湿病协会2012年颁布的SLE诊断标准,不伴有PAH及其他并发症[4];(3)意识清楚可以配合问卷调查;(4)年龄在60岁以下。排除标准:(1)除SLE外,罹患其他可导致PAH的疾病;(2)曾接受过相关药物治疗或近期有治疗药物服用史;(3)其他严重的慢性全身性疾病史;(4)神经或精神类疾病史。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 右心室功能相关指标检测方法 超声心动图采用美国Philips EPIQ7C彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,S5-1二维矩阵探头,频率1~5 MHZ。嘱受检者左侧卧位,保持平稳呼吸,同步连接心电图。根据2010年美国超声心动图协会(ASE)成人右心超声心动图诊断指南进行检查[5]。相关指标包括:(1)右心结构参数:右心室(right ventricle,RV)基底段直径、右心房(right atrium,RA)及RV舒张末期面积(end diastolic area,EDV)。(2)收缩功能参数:RV心肌功能指数(myocardial performance index,MPI)、右室面积变化分数(fractional area change,FAC)、三尖瓣环收缩期位移(tricuspid annulus systolic displacement,TAPSE)及肺动脉收缩压(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)。(3)舒张功能参数:三尖瓣口舒张早期和晚期血流峰值比(E/A) 比值及舒张早期三尖瓣血流峰值和三尖瓣瓣环组织多普勒速度比值(E/e’)。
1.2.2 生活质量量表评分方法 采用SF-36评分评价患者生活质量,问卷包括36个条目共计8个方面问题,每个方面得分计算方法为换算得分=[(实际得分-最低得分)/(最高得分-最低得分)]×100,最后将所有方面得分相加记为总分,分值与患者生活质量呈正相关[6]。
1.2.3 系统性红斑狼疮活动度评分(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEDAI)方法 根据患者血液检查结果及相关症状对患者SLE活动度进行评分,分值与病情活动度呈正相关[7]。
1.2.4 SLE导致的PAH疾病病情分级 根据2019年EULAR/ACR制定的关于PAH的病情分级对SLE+PAH组患者进行分组,其中Ⅰ-Ⅱ期共计52例,而Ⅲ-Ⅳ期共计38例。并比较两组患者间右心功能相关指标、SLEDAI评分及SF-36评分之间的差异[8]。
1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS22.0版软件进行数据处理分析。计量资料以(x±s)表示,三组之间差异比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;相关因素分析采用Logistic多元回归模型。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 結果
2.1 三组患者间右心室功能相关指标、SLEDAI评分及SF-36评分之间比较 SLE组RV MPI、PASP、SLEDAI及E/e’显著高于对照组,而TAPSE、RV FAC、E/A及SF-36显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);SLE+PAH组RV基底段直径、RV EDA、RV MPI、PASP、SLEDAI及E/e’、均显著高于其他两组,而TAPSE、RV FAC、E/A及SF-36显著低于其他两组(P < 0.05),见表1。
2.2 SLE+PAH组不同病情患者右心室功能相关指标、SLEDAI评分、SF-36评分比较 Ⅰ-Ⅱ期组TAPSE、RV FAC、E/A及SF-36均显著高于Ⅲ-Ⅳ期组,而RV基底段直径、RV EDA、RV MPI、PASP、E/e’及SLEDAI评分显著低于Ⅲ-Ⅳ期组(P < 0.05),见表2。 2.3 SLE+PAH患者病情及SF-36評分与右心室功能相关指标的分析 多元线性分析结果显示,SLE+PAH组患者RVMPI及PASP与病情呈正相关,且为影响SLEDAI评分的独立危险因素;而TAPSE及RVFAC与病情呈负相关,为SLEDAI评分的保护因素(P < 0.05);该组患者中PASP及MPI与SF-36得分呈负相关,且为影响患者SF-36评分的独立危险因素(P < 0.05),见表3,4。
3 讨论
SLE导致的PAH占结缔组织病所致PAH的50%,且已经逐渐成为导致SLE死亡的主要原因之一[1]。对于此类患者如能进行早期病情评估,并积极开展针对性治疗可以有效改善患者预后。而目前《中国成人系统性红斑狼疮相关肺动脉高压诊治共识》中针对SLE导致PAH的病情评估主要根据其PASP,对于右心室功能的评价却未被纳入评估范围。Luo等[2]的研究中,SLE所致的PAH患者右心室结构及功能较单纯SLE会有一定的改变,但是结论并不明确。本文研究分析右心室功能对SLE所致的PAH患者病情及生活质量的影响。
本文充分证明了右心室功能在SLE所致的PAH患者中发生较大改变。此类疾病患者发病主要原因为SLE所致的肺血管内皮功能障碍,引起肺动脉阻力显著增加,从而导致PAH。而肺动脉压力作为右心室后负荷,其增加的结果会诱发右心室相关结构改变甚至出现重构,以往有研究显示肺动脉压力上升会导致右心室向心性肥厚及舒张末期容量增加,这说明PAH会导致患者右心室结构及功能发生显著改变。本次研究结果中,SLE+PAH患者SLE病情评分也显著较高,其主要原因还是由于导致SLE患者体内的自身免疫及炎性反应程度有明显关系,而上述二者不光会导致SLE患者病情加重,同时还会引起肺血管炎性反应及内皮功能障碍,加重血栓形成,导致PAH病情进展,故SLE合并PAH患者SLEDAI评分也相对较高。而在之后对于EULAR/ACR不同分期的患者来说Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者右心功能恶化情况要显著优于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期,相对的病情评分及SF-36评分情况也要优于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期。以往研究结果显示,中晚期SLE所致的PAH患者其生存质量及预后情况显著差于早期患者[8]。在Fo?s 等[9]的研究中,PASP是反映PAH的最直接指标,而早期患者由于PASP相对中晚期较低,故右心室的结构及功能改变情况也相对较少,本次研究结果与其类似。
而最后通过对右心室功能的8个指标分别与SLEDAI评分及SF-36评分进行多因素分析,PASP及MPI作为患者病情及生活质量二者共同的影响因素,在反映SLE导致PAH的病情严重性及生活质量上具有较高的临床意义。PASP与右心室收缩功能显著相关,当PASP达到右心室通过代偿也无法达到正常收缩时,其结构会发生显著改变,进而导致右心室功能也发生较大变化。而以往有研究提出,MPI是反应右心室功能障碍预后的独立因子,其受心率及RV压力影响较小[10]。故当患者MPI升高可以证明其右心室功能发生显著障碍,从而导致患者生活质量下降。同时,SLE患者病情是导致右心室功能的重要影响因素。因本次研究为单中心小样本量研究,虽对临床工作有一定指导意义,但仍需大量研究充分证实。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-25)
(本文编辑:蒋爱敏)
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