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再谈“反意疑问句”

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  摘要:反意疑问句的知识点虽小,但它在使用的过程中经常被忽视,因而是最容易出错的知识点,因此,学习者一定要仔细认真。
  关键词:反意;陈述;疑问句
  在陈述句之后,附加一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的事情提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫反意疑问。反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句(Tag question),主要由“陈述部分+附加疑问部分”构成。陈述句部分读时一般用降调,附加疑问部分一般用升调。在使用时主要遵循“前肯定,后否定;前否定,后肯定”的原则。附加疑问部分的主语与动词形式由陈述部分的主语和动词形式决定,而且主语只用人称代词。
  一、疑问部分的主语
  附加疑问部分的主语通常和陈述部分的主语一致,但需注意下列情况:
  (1)当陈述部分的主语是everything,something,nothing等指物的合成词时,附加疑问部分的主语只能用少it;当陈述部分的主语是 everyone,everybody,somebody,someone,nobody,no one等指人的合成词时,附加疑问部分的主语在正式语体中通常用he,在非正式语体中则往往用they.
  Eg:
  ① Everything is arranged in a good order, isn’t it ?
  ②Someone has broken the glass, haven’t they?
  ③No one knows the history of this museum , does he?
  (2)当陈述部分是there be 句式,附加疑问部分的主语也用there.
  Eg:
  ①There’s something wrong, isn’t there?
  ②There used to be a petrol station near the park, didn’t there?
  (3)当陈述部分的主语是不定式、动名词、从句或this/that时, 疑问部分的主语通常用it.
  ①Seeing is believing ,isn’t it? 眼见为实,不是吗?
  ②This is not as beautiful as that , is it?
  (4)当陈述部分的主语是定代词one时, 疑问部分的主语可以用one(正式场合),也可以用you (非正式场合)。
  Eg:One can not survive without water, can you/ one?
  (5)當陈述部分的主语是主从复合句,附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词一致;但是,当陈述部分的主句是第一人称主语+think,believe,suppose,suspect,expect等结构时,附加疑问部分往往与宾语从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定的转移。但当陈述部分为非第一人称主语+think,suppose,believe,fancy,imagine,expect +that 从句时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。
  ①If you had come yesterday, you might have seen him, mightn’t you?
  ②They don’t believe she’s an engineer, do they
  ③I don’t think he will arrive here in time, will he ?
  二、特殊反意疑问句
  (1)祈使句中的附加疑问句。
  “祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中,疑问部分一般用 will you,won’t you,would you;否定的祈使句之后的附加问句只可用will you.
  Eg:
  ①Sit down, won’t you?
  ②Be quiet, would you?
  ③Don’t move the CD, will you?
  ④When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, will you?
  在以Let’s 或Let us 开头的祈使句之后,附加疑问部分用法有区别,Let’s 之后用 shall we, 而Let us之后则用 will you.
  Eg:
  ①Let’s go shopping, shall we?我们购物去,好不好?(说话双方包含在内)
  ②Let us go,will you? 让我们走吧,可以吗?(只包含说话者)
  (2)当陈述部分含有以下这些否定意义的词:few,little,seldom,hardly,rarely,never,not,no,no one,nobody,nothing,none,neither 等,疑问部分需要用肯定结构。
  Eg:
  ①Few people know him, do they?
  ②He seldom gives his wife a present,does he?
  (3)当陈述部分带有表示“有”含义的动词have/has/ had 时,附加疑问部分既可以用have/has/had,也可以用 do/ does/did;如果含义不是“有”,则必需用do/does/ did.
  Eg:   ①You had breakfast,didn’t you?
  ②He has a good memory,hasn’t/doesn’t he?
  (4)陈述部分是 I am 结构,疑问部分在正式的场合用 am I not, 非正式场合用 aren’t I.
  Eg:I’m late, am I not //aren’t I?
  (5)陈述部分是 I wish 句式,表示询问或征求意见时,疑问部分用 may I.
  Eg:I wish to shake hands with you,may I?
  (6)陈述部分带有情态动词时,附加疑问部分助动词的选择:
  陈述部分含有ought to,附加疑问部分用ought 或 should;
  陈述部分含有used to,附加疑问部分用used或 did;
  陈述部分含有need 或dare,附加疑问部分常用need或dare;当dare,need为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do/does/did;
  陈述部分含有must时,附加疑问部分通用must;但如must 作“有必要”解时,也可用needn’t; 表“一定,肯定”推测意义时,也可根据上下文用其他动词。
  Eg:
  ①We ought to go there, oughtn’t/shouldn’t we?
  ②He used to smoke forty cigarettes a day, usedn’t / didn’t he?
  ③He dare not say so, dare he?
  ④She doesn’t dare to go home alone, does she?
  ⑤You must go now, mustn’t/ needn’t you?
  ⑥He must have waited here for a long time, hasn’t he?
  ⑦You must have got up late this morning, didn’t you?
  (7)陈述部分是感叹句时,附加问句用否定形式,主语与感叹句中的名词或代词一致。
  Eg:
  ①What delicious food it is,isn’t it?
  ② How lovely the girl is,isn’t she?
  (8)陈述部分含有had better,附加问句的动词用 hadn’t.
  Eg:
  ①We had better go to school at once,hadn’t we ?
  ②You had better go to see the doctor,hadn’t you?
  (9)陈述部分有have to 时,附加问句部分的动词通常用do的相应形式。
  ①You had to water the vegetables every day, didn’t you?
  ②We have to get there at eight, don’t we?
  (10)陳述部分是并列句,附加问句与邻近分句一致;陈述部分是主从复合句,附加问句与主句一致。
  Eg:
  ①She works hard and she is the best one in her factory, isn’t she?
  ②When the teacher speaks in class, we have to keep quiet, don’t we?
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