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前列腺癌患者睾酮替代治疗的安全性研究进展

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  [摘要]男性性腺功能减退症是由于雄激素缺乏引起的一种临床综合征,睾酮替代治疗(TRT)是其首选治疗方法。但对于既往有前列腺癌病史的患者,TRT的应用一直存在争议。近年来,文献报道了不同阶段前列腺癌患者接受TRT的安全性研究,包括癌前病变期,主动监测、根治性治疗后及进展期前列腺癌。本文回顾这些文献并对TRT在前列腺癌患者中应用的安全性研究进展进行综述。
  [关键词]前列腺癌;性腺功能减退症;睾酮;替代治疗
  [中图分类号] R458.7          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)3(b)-0016-03
  Research progress on the safety of testosterone replacement therapy in patients with prostate cancer
  WANG Qi-bo   ZHU Shao-xing
  Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou   310022, China
  [Abstract] Hypogonadism in men is a clinical syndrome caused by androgen deficiency, for whom testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the preferred treatment. However, the use of TRT has been controversial in patients with a previous history of prostate cancer. In recent years, studies on the safety of TRT in patients with prostate cancer at different stages have been reported, including pre-cancerous stage, active surveillance, post-radical treatment and advanced prostate cancer. This article reviews the literatures and the progress in the application safety of TRT in patients with prostate cancer.
  [Key words] Prostate cancer; Hypogonadism; Testosterone; Replacement therapy
  男性性腺功能减退症(hypogonadism)是一系列因雄激素缺乏所致的临床症状总称,其特征为低血清睾酮水平伴性欲减退、肌肉萎缩、骨质疏松、认知功能障碍、性功能障碍、抑郁症等临床表现。睾酮替代治疗(testosterone replacement therapy,TRT)是目前男性性腺功能减退症的首选治疗方法[1],但对于前列腺癌患者的性腺功能减退症,TRT存在较多争议。本文通过回顾以往文献,综述了TRT在前列腺癌患者中的应用安全性研究进展。
  1前列腺癌患者TRT现状
  1941年Huggins和Hodges首次提出注射外源性雌激素或切除双侧睾丸可以抑制前列腺癌,而注射外源性雄激素可加快前列腺癌的进展[2]。他们的研究奠定了内分泌治疗在前列腺癌中的应用基础,并使TRT在前列腺癌患者中成为禁忌。目前有研究认为,现患或曾患前列腺癌是TRT的绝对禁忌证[3]。随着半个多世纪的不断研究,目前仍没有确切的研究证实前列腺癌患者应用外源性睾酮会促进前列腺癌进展。相反Hoffman等[4]在一项针对117例前列腺癌患者的回顾性分析中发现,低血清睾酮(<300 ng/dl)的患者更容易患前列腺癌,并且所有Gleason评分8分及以上的前列腺癌患者的睾酮均为低水平。另有多项研究证实,低血清睾酮水平与前列腺癌的高Gleason评分、生化复发、腺外转移等有关[4-7]。由此,临床开始试验TRT在前列腺癌患者中的安全性。
  2各阶段前列腺癌患者的TRT
  2.1癌前病变期
  高级别前列腺上皮内瘤变(high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,HGPIN)是目前公认的前列腺癌的癌前病变,文献报道27%的HGPIN患者将进展为前列腺癌[8]。Rhoden等[9]回顾了75例性腺功能减退症的患者,在接受TRT前均行前列腺穿刺活检,其中20例活检结果提示HGPIN。在持续1年的TRT后,HGPIN组与正常组患者的基线前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)值及TRT后PSA增長值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访期内,HGPIN组中1例确诊前列腺癌,正常组中未发现前列腺癌,两组的前列腺癌发病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。因此其认为TRT并不增加HGPIN患者罹患前列腺癌的风险。
  2.2根治性手术后
  前列腺癌根治术(radical prostatectomy,RP)后接受TRT的研究最早由Kaufman等[10]报道,随后Agarwal等[11]也报道了类似的小样本量研究。他们发现TRT后患者的症状及生活质量得到明显的改善,且在随访时间内均未发现生化复发或肿瘤复发。Khera等[12]回顾分析57例RP术后接受TRT的患者,其中24例Gleason评分≤6分,26例Gleason评分7分,4例Gleason评分≥8分,在平均36个月的TRT后未发现PSA的急剧升高或肿瘤复发。Pastuszak等[13]的研究将103例RP术后接受TRT的患者作为治疗组,同时在治疗组中根据切缘阳性、Gleason评分≥8分或淋巴结转移分为高危亚组与非高危亚组,与49例RP术后未接受TRT的患者进行对照。该研究发现,治疗组的PSA在开始TRT的18~24个月后出现小幅度的升高,较对照组有升高的趋势,但两组的PSA速度(prostate specific antigen velocity,PSAV)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在27.5个月的中位随访时间内,分别在治疗组和对照组中发现4例和8例生化复发,两组的肿瘤复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。   [4]Hoffman MA,DeWolf WC,Morgentaler A.Is low serum free testosterone a marker for high grade prostate cancer?[J].J Urol,2000,163(3):824-827.
  [5]García-Cruz E,Piqueras M,Huguet J,et al.Low testosterone levels are related to poor prognosis factors in men with prostate cancer prior to treatment[J].BJU Int,2012,110(11 Pt B):E541-546.
  [6]Kim HJ,Kim BH,Park CH,et al.Usefulness of preoperative serum testosterone as a predictor of extraprostatic extension and biochemical recurrence[J].Korean J Urol,2012,53(1):9-13.
  [7]Massengill JC,Sun L,Moul JW,et al.Pretreatment total testosterone level predicts pathological stage in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy[J].J Urol,2003,169(5):1670-1675.
  [8]Merrimen JL,Jones G,Hussein SA,et al.A model to predict prostate cancer after atypical findings in initial prostate needle biopsy[J].J Urol,2011,185(4):1240-1245.
  [9]Rhoden EL,Morgentaler A.Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men at high risk for prostate cancer:results of 1 year of treatment in men with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia[J].J Urol,2003,170(6 Pt 1):2348-2351.
  [10]Kaufman JM,Graydon RJ.Androgen replacement after curative radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer in hypogonadal men[J].J Urol,2004,172(3):920-922.
  [11]Agarwal PK,Oefelein MG.Testosterone replacement therapy after primary treatment for prostate cancer[J].J Urol,2005, 173(2):533-536.
  [12]Khera M,Grober ED,Najari B,et al.Testosterone replacement therapy following radical prostatectomy[J].J Sex Med,2009,6(4):1165-1170.
  [13]Pastuszak AW,Pearlman AM,Lai WS,et al.Testosterone replacement therapy in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy[J].J Urol,2013,190(2):639-644.
  [14]Pastuszak AW,Khanna A,Badhiwala N,et al.Testosterone therapy after radiation therapy for low,intermediate and high risk prostate cancer[J].J Urol,2015,194(5):1271-1276.
  [15]Sarosdy MF.Testosterone replacement for hypogonadism after treatment of early prostate cancer with brachytherapy[J].Cancer,2007,109(3):536-541.
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  [20]Kacker R,Hult M,San Francisco IF,et al.Can testosterone therapy be offered to men on active surveillance for prostate cancer?Preliminary results[J].Asian J Androl,2016,18(1):16-20.
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  (收稿日期:2019-08-29  本文編辑:任秀兰)
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