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蓝莓侧枝径向振动惯性力的建模及仿真分析

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  摘 要:蓝莓采摘的最终形式是把生长在侧枝上的蓝莓果实与其侧枝进行分离,因此采摘时所产生振动惯性力的效果要大于果柄自身的承受力。为了更好地实现机械化蓝莓采摘目的,本文针对蓝莓采摘时蓝莓侧枝径向的有阻尼振动惯性力进行研究。针对蓝莓侧枝径向的振动问题,为更接近实际侧枝的振动情况,在数学公式推导当中,考虑加入有阻尼系数,并重点研究了阻尼比对振动力和振幅的影响。通过实验测得采摘蓝莓时侧枝的振动惯性力、作用位置和位移等相关数据,并通过一系列的数学公式推导,建立侧枝径向有阻尼自由振动惯性力的数学模型。基于实测数据和数学模型,再利用MATLAB软件对其进行仿真验证。结果表明:应用径向有阻尼自由振动的惯性力在侧枝中部可以实现对蓝莓的采摘,该成果可以指导振动力作用的位置及方向,为以机械化方式进行采摘蓝莓设备的设计提供理论依据。
  关键词:蓝莓;振动惯性力;数学建模;阻尼比;MATLAB
  Abstract:The final form of blueberry picking is to separate the blueberry fruit growing on the blueberry branch from its branches, so the vibration force produced by picking is greater than the bearing capacity of the fruit handle itself. In order to better achieve the purpose of mechanized blueberry picking, this paper studies the damped vibration inertial force of the blueberry side branch in the blueberry picking. Aiming at the radial vibration of blueberry lateral branches, in order to get closer to the actual vibration situation of lateral branches, the damping coefficient is considered in the mathematical formula derivation, and the influence of damping ratio on vibration force and amplitude is studied emphatically. The experimental data of the vibration inertia force, action position and displacement of the side branches are measured by experiments, and a series of mathematical formulas are derived to establish a mathematical model of the damped free vibration inertial force of the lateral branches. Based on the measured data and mathematical model, the simulation is verified by MATLAB software. The results show that the application of the inertial force with radial damping and free vibration can realize the picking of blueberry in the middle of the side branches. This result can guide the position and direction of the vibration force, and provide a theoretical basis for the mechanized selection of blueberry equipment.
  Keywords:Blueberry; vibration inertia force; mathematical modeling; damping ratio; MATLAB
  0 引言
  藍莓有“水果之王”的美誉,以其保健作用、经济价值和市场价值得到人们的普遍认可[1-6]。在蓝莓种植过程中,其成熟周期短、耗费人工多等缺点,使得蓝莓的采摘成为蓝莓产业链中最繁琐的环节[7-9]。蓝莓类似于葡萄,其果实比葡萄更小,在其柔软度上与葡萄相似,采摘期短,因此其采收也成为了典型的劳动密集型产业 [10-12] 。目前很多蓝莓产地的采摘技术还停留在人工作业、捡拾作业的水平,所以需要投入大量的人力才能完成采收。因此设计机械振动式采摘来替代人工采摘尤为重要[13-16]。本文对蓝莓采摘时侧枝径向所承受的振动力和作用位置等相关数据进行测量,推导该振动径向上有阻尼的数学公式,并建立蓝莓侧枝的振动模型,为后续采摘机的设计奠定基础。
  1 蓝莓侧枝的受力情况及实测数据
  建立蓝莓侧枝的三维图形,选取其中一条侧枝作为研究模型,通过简化的示意图(图1)来研究蓝莓侧枝径向的振动情况。要将蓝莓采摘时所受到的振动力进行分解,将其分解成不同方向的力——轴向力和径向力(图2)。当振动力施加在侧枝时,以侧枝自身所在的方向作为坐标轴的x轴,建立空间直角坐标系,并且将采摘时所产生的振动力进行分解,分解成三个方向上的力:fx、 fy、 fz。根据采摘力的分解及分类情况可知,径向振动,是由y轴和z轴方向的fy、 fz所引起,侧枝轴向上的振动是由x轴方向的fx所引起[17-18]。图3为现场蓝莓采摘和对侧枝数据进行实测的实验照片。实测数据见表1和表2。   4 结论
  在考虑阻尼比的情况下,对自由振动惯性力公式(18)利用MALTAB软件进行仿真,得到蓝莓侧枝径向有阻尼自由振动惯性力的三维仿真曲线,即图6—图12所示。由这些图的变化趋势可知,在加入实际阻尼比1.24%后,径向上的振动惯性力如图8所示,其衰减的速度较为缓慢,因此径向振动力比较适合蓝莓的采摘,随着振动时间的增加,振动惯性力随之衰减,处于侧枝中间位置的振动惯性力比果实与果柄之间的承受力大,因此达到了对果实的采摘要求。由于振动大的点在枝条顶端,为了避免破坏蓝莓果实本身,因此不将初始端作为振动点,而考虑作用在中部位置,这样就可以实现机械化的采摘。
  作用在侧枝剩余点的振动惯性力都比蓝莓和果柄之间所能承受的力要小,因此不满足对果实的采摘要求。综上所述,应用径向有阻尼自由振动的惯性力可以对蓝莓进行采摘,为后续的采摘机更新换代、优化和实际应用提供了研究方向和基础。
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