生殖道B族链球菌定植与早产的相关性研究
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[摘要] 目的 探討妊娠期生殖道B族链球菌(group B streptococcus,GBS)定植与早产的相关性。 方法 选取2017年7月~2018年10月期间于本院接受正规产前检查及住院保胎的28~36+6周有早产倾向的单胎孕妇500例,采用实时聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术检测,比较GBS定植阳性组与阴性组母婴妊娠结局,并分析GBS定植与早产的关系。 结果 与GBS定植阴性组比较,GBS定植阳性组胎膜早破(16.50% vs 29.55%)、早产(5.58% vs 13.64%)、绒毛膜羊膜炎(1.94% vs 35.23%)、产后出血(2.43% vs 9.09%)及新生儿肺炎(0.97% vs 10.23%)发生率明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果表明,GBS定植阳性是早产的危险因素(OR=2.23,95%CI:1.34~3.41,P<0.05)。 结论 生殖道GBS定植可导致母婴不良结局,且GBS定植是早产的危险因素。
[关键词] B族链球菌;早产;妊娠结局
[中图分类号] R446.5 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2019)35-0065-04
Correlation between colonization of group B streptococcus in genital tract and premature delivery
ZHANG Yuehui ZHENG Jianqiong WANG Yeping CHEN Haiying ZHANG Hongping
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between colonization of group B streptococcus (GBS) in genital tract during pregnancy and premature delivery. Methods A total of 500 single-fetus pregnant women with premature birth tendency for 28 to 36+6 weeks who received regular prenatal examination and were hospitalized in our Hospital for preventing miscarriage from July 2017 to October 2018 were selected. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for detection.The maternal and fetal pregnancy outcomes between the GBS colonization positive group and the negative group were compared. And the relationship between GBS colonization and preterm birth was analyzed. Results Compared with that of the GBS colonization-negative group, the incidence of premature rupture of membranes (16.50% vs 29.55%), premature delivery (5.58% vs 13.64%), chorioamnionitis (1.94% vs 35.23%), postpartum hemorrhage (2.43% vs 9.09%) and neonatal pneumonia (0.97% vs 10.23%) in GBS colonization-positive group increased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that GBS colonization position was a risk factor for preterm birth (OR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.34-3.41,P<0.05). Conclusion GBS colonization of the reproductive tract can lead to adverse outcomes in mothers and infants, and GBS colonization is a risk factor for preterm delivery.
[Key words] Group B streptococci; Premature delivery; Pregnancy outcome B族鏈球菌(group B streptococcus,GBS)好发于育龄期女性,是一种革兰阳性链球菌,常定植于泌尿生殖道内,是重要的条件致病菌之一[1]。目前我国GBS诱发女性生殖道感染特别是围产期感染的发病率呈逐年递增趋势[2]。GBS相关感染后,可以引发胎膜早破、早产、绒毛膜羊膜炎、产褥感染、新生儿肺炎及新生儿窒息等不良妊娠结局[3]。本研究旨在分析孕28~36+6周有早产倾向的孕妇生殖道GBS定植阳性组和阴性组母婴不良结局,探讨妊娠期生殖道GBS定植与早产的相关性,以期为减少早产发生率,改善母婴不良结局提供临床依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2017年7月~2018年10月期间于温州市人民医院接受正规产前检查及住院保胎的28~36+6周有早产倾向的单胎孕妇500例。年龄20~35岁(不含35岁),身高154~170 cm,体重53~80 kg,产次0~2次,流产次数0~5次。经本院伦理委员会审核通过,所有孕妇对本研究内容知情同意。
纳入标准:单胎;头位;1周内未应用抗生素及阴道给药;排除标准:多胎;羊水过多、羊水过少、前置胎盘、胎位异常、宫颈机能不全等可能造成医源性早产的产科并发症;高血压、糖尿病及肾炎病史者;存在其他生殖道感染疾病者;胎儿畸形,孕妇生殖器官畸形与急性感染者[4,5]。
1.2 标本采集
患者取膀胱截石位,于阴道下1/3处放入1根无菌棉拭子,以采集阴道分泌物;将另1根无菌棉拭子于肛门括约肌上2~3 cm处取得直肠分泌物[6]。整个操作过程必须做到动作轻柔。
1.3 GBS检测方法
采用实时聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术检测,直肠和阴道分泌物2个标本中任一个标本阳性,称为GBS定值阳性。采用北京博尔诚有限公司生产的PCR试剂盒,美国Bio-Rad公司生产的C1000型实时荧光定量核酸扩增仪,根据试剂说明书规范检测体系及判读方法。
1.4 观察指标
(1)两组孕妇的年龄、体质指数(Body mass index,BMI)、孕周、产次等。(2)比较两组孕妇的母婴结局,包括胎膜早破、早产、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎儿窘迫、产后出血、产褥感染、新生儿肺炎、新生儿窒息、新生儿体重等。(3)分析早产的危险因素。
1.5 统计学方法
数据采用软件SPSS 21.0进行统计学分析。计量资料以(x±s)形式表示,采用t检验;计数资料以[n(%)]形式表示,采用χ2检验;相关分析采用二元Logistic回归。以P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 基线资料
共纳入500例研究对象,依据实时PCR技术检测结果,GBS定植阳性组88例,GBS定植阴性组412例。两组孕妇的基线资料无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
2.2 GBS定植对孕产妇妊娠结局的影响
与GBS定植阴性组比较,GBS定植阳性组孕妇的胎膜早破、早产、绒毛膜羊膜炎及产后出血发生率明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表2。
2.3 GBS定植对新生儿结局的影响
与GBS定植阴性组比较,GBS定植阳性组新生儿肺炎发生率明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);GBS定植阳性组新生儿窒息及新生儿黄疸发生率增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组新生儿体重无明显差异(P>0.05)。见表3。
2.4 早产相关因素Logistic回归分析
以早产为因变量,以孕妇GBS定植、流产次数、分娩方式及年龄为自变量,行Logistic回归分析,结果表明GBS定植是早产的危险因素(P<0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
GBS是定植于女性泌尿生殖道内的一种革兰阳性链球菌,又名无乳链球菌,是重要的条件致病菌之一[1]。根据其细胞壁上具有的特异性S物质的不同,共分为10种不同的血清型:Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ[7]。其中GBS定植血清型最常见的有Ⅰa、Ⅲ及Ⅴ三种,分别为38%、26%、18%[8]。GBS可导致母体发生早产、流产、胎膜早破等不良妊娠结局;可导致新生儿发生脑膜炎、肺炎及败血症等[3]。根据发病时间不同,新生儿GBS疾病有早发型GBS疾病(early-onset GBS disease,GBS-EOD)和晚发型GBS疾病(late-onset GBS disease,GBS-LOD),其中GBS-EOD主要和Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型有关,尤以Ⅰa为多,多发生在新生儿出生后至7 d内,临床症状主要表现为肺炎和败血症;GBS-LOD主要以Ⅲ型多见,多见于出生后7 d~3个月足月儿,主要表现为脑膜炎,死亡率高达20%左右,严重威胁了母婴健康及生命安全[9,10]。
在我国,早产是指妊娠满28周至不足37周的分娩。早产是国内外产科的重要问题,是临床上围产儿死亡的重要原因。全球每年死于早产并发症的儿童超过100万,75.00%以上的围产儿死亡与早产有关[11]。文献报道,生殖道感染与早产密切相关,尤其是高发的GBS定植感染,GBS定植是造成早产的重要原因[12,13]。徐一鸣等[14]研究显示GBS感染组的早产发生率为20.69%,显著高于GBS未感染组的早产发生率4.23%(χ2=13.448,P<0.001),提示孕妇生殖道发生GBS感染可导致早产。Seyyed EZ等[15]研究发现,早产孕妇组阴道、直肠标本的GBS定植率(39.1%、36.4%)均明显高于足月孕妇组GBS的定植率(20.2%、16.9%),支持GBS定植与早产发生有关。
本研究结果显示,GBS定植可导致胎膜早破、早产、绒毛膜炎、产后出血、新生儿肺炎发生率增加,与既往研究结果一致[16-18]。另外在本研究中,提示新生儿窒息、新生儿黄疸方面与GBS定植无明显相关,考虑可能与我们科室人员重视产前产时胎儿监护,及时发现缺氧及时处理有关。此外,本次研究通过Logistic回归分析发现,以早产为因变量,以孕妇GBS定植、流产次数、分娩方式及年龄为自变量,最终结果显示GBS定植是早产的危险因素(P<0.05),提示GBS定植与早产关系密切。考虑原因可能是GBS长期定植可强有力地吸附并穿透胎膜,其形成的蛋白水解酶可直接侵袭胎膜、吞噬胎膜;另外,阴道炎性细胞及其代谢的相关产物可促使胎膜水肿变性[19,20];同时GBS感染会促进磷脂酶A2和前列腺素及细胞因子(如白介素细胞1、白介素细胞6、白介素细胞8、白介素细胞12等)的释放,进而刺激子宫收缩引发早产[21,22]。 检测GBS定植的方法,临床上使用较多的是细菌培养法和实时PCR法[3]。细菌培养法检查准确,可以提供药敏参考,对指导临床用药有很重要的作用,但是培养周期长,对于危急重症患者不适用。有报道采用细菌培养法筛查孕妇生殖道GBS,检出率较低,仅为3.9%[23],考虑为使用普通培养基培养导致其他细菌微生物生长迅速,使GBS检出率下降。PCR方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高、重复性好、特异性强的优点,可以比较准确的反映孕妇临产时GBS的带菌情况,从而指导临床用药,避免抗生素的滥用,在临床上使用较为普遍[24,25]。故本研究采用实时PCR检测阳性为临床GBS定植阳性组。
综上所述,生殖道GBS定植可导致胎膜早破、早产、绒毛膜羊膜炎、产后出血及新生儿肺炎发生率增加,对母婴结局造成不良影响。生殖道GBS定植是早产的危险因素,应引起医务工作者高度重视。在临床上,建议于孕28~36+6周对孕妇进行生殖道GBS筛查并防治GBS定植工作,以减少早产发生率,改善母婴不良结局。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-26)
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