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Stathmin-1作为子宫平滑肌肉瘤早期诊断及预后评估的分子标志物的研究

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  [摘要] 目的 研究Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌肿瘤中的表达及临床意义。 方法 选取2013年1月~2016年12月温州市人民医院及温州医科大学附属第一医院82例手术患者,分为典型子宫平滑肌肿瘤(UL组)30例、子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤(CL组)30例、子宫平滑肌肉瘤(LMS组)22例,同时选择肌瘤旁正常肌层(M组)30例。采用免疫组化Envision二步法研究Stathmin-1在各组中的表达、临床病理学特征及预后的相关性。根据Stathmin-1表达水平,CL组及LMS组进一步分成低表达组及高表达组,进行复发及生存率分析。 结果 Stathmin-1表达于细胞质,在子宫平滑肌肉瘤组的染色分值高于另三组(均P<0.05)。Stathmin-1在子宫平滑肌肿瘤中的表达与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目等临床病理学特征均无相关(均P>0.05)。子宫富于细胞平滑肌中Stathmin-1高表达组较低表达组复发率高(P<0.05)。子宫平滑肌肉瘤中Stathmin-1高表达组较低表达组生存率低(P<0.05)。 结论 Stathmin-1在子宫平滑肌肉瘤中的高表达,提示检测Stathmin-1在早期辅助诊断子宫平滑肌肉瘤上有一定的临床意义。其在子宫平滑肌肿瘤中的表达水平与富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤的复发及子宫平滑肌肉瘤的预后可能相关。
  [关键词] 子宫平滑肌肿瘤;肉瘤;富于细胞;Stathmin-1
  [中图分类号] R737.33          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)01-0035-04
  Study on Stathmin-1 as a molecular marker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of uterine leiomyosarcoma
  HU Xianqing1   ZHU Bo1   FENG Guofei2   LIN Zhongmin3  GUO Min1   CHEN Yanmei2   PAN Dan2   ZHANG Hongping1
  1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou   325000, China; 2.Department of Pathology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou   325000, China; 3.Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou   325000, China
  [Abstract] Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of Stathmin-1 in uterine leiomyoma. Methods Eighty-two surgical patients of Wenzhou People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled and divided into the typical uterine leiomyoma group(UL group) with 30 patients, the uterus leiomyoma rich in cells group(CL group) with 30 patients and the uterine leiomyosarcoma group(LMS group) with 22 patients, and normal smooth muscular tissue of uterus (M group) with 30 patients at the same time. The Immunohistochemical Envision two-step method was used to study the correlation between the expression of Stathmin-1, clinicopathological features and prognosis in each group. According to the expression level of Stathmin-1, the CL group and the LMS group were further divided into a low expression group and a high expression group for recurrence and survival analysis. Results Stathmin-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm, and the staining score in the uterine leiomyosarcoma group was higher than that in the other three groups, respectively(P<0.05 for all). The expression of Stathmin-1 in the uterine leiomyoma was not correlated with the clinicopathological features such as patient age, tumor size and tumor number(P>0.05). In the uterus leiomyoma rich in cells group, the recurrence rate in the high Stathmin-1 expression group was higher than that in the low Stathin-1 expression group(P<0.05). The survival rate in the high Stathmin-1 expression group was lower than that in the low Stathmin-1 expression group(P<0.05). Conclusion The high expression of Stathmin-1 in uterine leiomyosarcoma suggests that the detection of Stathmin-1 has certain clinical significance in the early auxiliary diagnosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Its expression level in uterine leiomyoma may be associated with the recurrence of cell leiomyoma and the prognosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma.   [Key words] Uterine leiomyoma; Sarcoma; Rich in cells; Stathmin-1
  子宫平滑肌肉瘤是少见的女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤之一[1],发病率低、预后差。子宫平滑肌肉瘤早期无特异性的临床表现及辅助检查,缺乏有效的早期诊断方法。一些特殊类型子宫平滑肌肿瘤如子宫高度富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤,有时单纯根据细胞形态学与之鉴别存在困难。故探索特异性的肿瘤标记物对子宫肉瘤的早期辅助诊断具有重要意义。较多研究表明PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路在子宫肉瘤或非子宫肉瘤中高度活化,而微管解聚相关蛋白Stathmin-1,又称原癌基因蛋白18(oncogene prsotein 18,Op18),是PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的重要因子。Stathmin-1通过磷酸化调节自身活性来改变微管系统的动力平衡,在细胞有丝分裂过程中调节微管蛋白及纺锤体的形成与解体[2],其表达异常将导致细胞分裂的改变,与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关[3-4]。本研究通过检测子宫平滑肌肿瘤中Stathmin-1的表达水平,探讨Stathmin-1的检测对子宫平滑肌肉瘤的辅助诊断及预后评估意义。
  1 对象与方法
  1.1 研究对象
  纳入2013年1月~2016年12月温州市人民医院及温州医科大学附属第一医院112例手术患者的石蜡包埋切片组织。患者既往除剖宫产史外无子宫手术史。本研究通过医院伦理委员会同意。
  1.2 分组
  82例患者据组织病理学结果分组,分别是典型子宫平滑肌肿瘤30例(normal leiomyoma of uterus,UL组)、子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤30例(cellular leiomyoma of uterus,CL组)、子宫平滑肌肉瘤22例(leiomyosarcoma of uterus,LMS组),并选择肌瘤旁正常肌层30例(normal smooth muscular tissue of uterus,M组)。除肌瘤旁正常肌层组外余三组患者的年龄比较,差异有统计学意义(F=6.839,P=0.002),子宫平滑肌肉瘤组年龄大于典型子宫平滑肌肿瘤及富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤。三组患者的孕产次比较差异无统计学意义(H=0.708,P=0.702;H=4.373,P=0.112),三组患者的肿瘤大小及肿瘤数目比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.008,P=0.992;H=2.246,P=0.325),见表1。
  1.3 方法
  调取温州市人民医院病理科存档蜡块(其中LMS组标本17例取自温州医科大学附属第一医院),重新切片,脱蜡,进行Envision二步法免疫组化染色:抗原修复后加一抗,冰箱过夜后加HRP 标记聚合物,加显色剂及复染(HE染色:苏木素染色及伊红染色),脱水,封片,显微镜镜检,图像分析采集。Stathmin-1一抗购于美国Abcam公司,原液稀释为1:250。采用子宫平滑肌肉瘤阳性对照,PBS阴性对照。
  1.4 免疫组化结果判定
  每张切片随机选择5个400倍高倍镜视野观察染色情况。根据染色程度,计为0~3分。阳性细胞百分比计分:≤5%,0分;6%~25%,1分;26%~50%,2分;51%~75%,3分;>75%,4分。以上结果相乘所得计为Stathmin-1染色分值[5],结果取平均值。
  1.5 随访情况
  CL组及LMS组患者进行随访,每3个月随访1次,以手术日期为随访开始,以死亡作为终点事件,随访截止日期 2018 年 12 月 31 日,采用电话询问或门诊复查随访。
  1.6 统计学方法
  应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料采用频数和率表示,采用χ2检验比较多组间差异;正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用单因素方差分析多组间差异;非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数P50(P25-P75)表示,采用Kruskal Wallis检验比较多组间差异;相关性检验采用Spearman秩相关检验;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 免疫组化结果
  2.1.1 蛋白定位  Stathmin-1蛋白表达于细胞浆,为浅黄或棕黄色颗粒。子宫平滑肌肉瘤组Stathmin-1蛋白主要为强阳性及弥漫性着色,子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤和典型子宫平滑肌肿瘤组及肌瘤旁正常肌层组Stathmin-1蛋白主要为弱阳性或阴性及局部着色,见封三图2。
  2.1.2 染色分值  各组患者Stathmin-1免疫组化染色分值见表2,呈非正态分布。Stathmin-1染色分值在M组中位数为1.0(n=30),UL组中位数为1.0(n=30),CL组中位数为1.0(n=30),LMS组中位数为7.5(n=22),行Krsuskal Wallis检验,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),见封三图3。进一步两两比较,Stathmin-1染色值在M组、UL组、CL组间无明显差异(调整后PM,UL=0.227>0.05;调整后PM,CL=0.668>0.05;调整后PUL,CL=1.000>0.05),LMS组高于另三组,差异有统计学意义(调整后PM,LMS=0.000<0.05;调整后PUL,LMS=0.000<0.05;调整后PCL,LMS=0.000<0.05)。
  2.1.3 診断性试验  由表3可见,以Stathmin-1的各个染色值范围定义为阳性,计算出Stathmin-1蛋白表达在子宫平滑肌肿瘤中预测恶性肿瘤的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、敏感度、特异度。Stathmin-1染色值≥1设定为阳性,敏感度达100.00%,但是特异度仅36.67%,阳性预测值27.85%,阴性预测值100.00%。   2.2 Stathmin-1的表達与临床病理特征的关系
  采用Spearman秩相关检验,结果示Stathmin-1的表达与患者临床病理特征如年龄、肌瘤大小、肌瘤数目均无关(均P>0.05),见表4。
  2.3 Stathmin-1的表达与子宫平滑肌肿瘤的预后关系
  根据Stathmin-1染色分值将子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤、子宫平滑肌肉瘤组进一步分为高表达组(≥6)、低表达组(<6)。采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析检验,结果示子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤低表达组未复发生存率大于高表达组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.266,P=0.001),见封三图4。子宫平滑肌肉瘤组高表达组生存率低于低表达组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.866,P=0.049),见封三图5。
  3 讨论
  子宫平滑肌肿瘤有多种组织学类型,大多良性,恶性平滑肌肉瘤少见,但预后极差[6-7]。子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤是一种常见的特殊类型子宫平滑肌瘤。1994年世界卫生组织(WHO)将子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤等特殊类型子宫肌瘤归为良性肿瘤,但是,有研究发现其复发后有恶变趋势[8-9]。高度富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤有时与子宫平滑肌肉瘤难以鉴别。探索新的肿瘤标志物,提高肿瘤的诊断准确度及灵敏度,预测肿瘤的预后,进行可能的靶向治疗,成为今后的研究方向。
  PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信号通路是细胞内信号转导通路中最主要的信号通路之一。PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路的激活与肿瘤的发生紧密相关,它可以加速细胞周期进行、抑制细胞凋亡、促进肿瘤细胞迁移。Hernando等[10]通过动物模型研究子宫平滑肌肉瘤的发生中提出PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的活化是平滑肌组织恶化的必要非充分条件。研究发现[11],PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路在普通子宫平滑肌肿瘤明显上调,而在子宫平滑肌肉瘤持续激活。有研究[12-13]报道Stathmin-1是PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路活化的因子。Stathmin-1过度表达有促进肿瘤发生、肿瘤侵袭及转移的作用[14]。多项研究表明,Stathmin-1在恶性肿瘤如乳腺癌[15]、卵巢癌[16]、子宫内膜癌[17-18]、宫颈癌[19]中呈高表达,且与其预后呈负相关[20]。
  本研究将子宫平滑肌肿瘤的Stathmin-1的蛋白表达水平进行比较,结果显示子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤Stathmin-1表达水平与肌瘤旁正常肌层、典型子宫平滑肌肿瘤均无差异,而明显低于子宫平滑肌肉瘤组的表达水平,提示子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤细胞增长活跃程度明显低于平滑肌肉瘤,可推荐临床按普通子宫肌瘤处理,应避免过度治疗。本研究根据Stathmin-1染色分值分为高表达组(≥6)、低表达组(<6),子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤组高表达组肿瘤复发率高于低表达组,提示对于子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤患者Stathmin-1高表达者仍需要术后密切随访。
  本研究中,Stathmin-1广泛表达于子宫平滑肌肿瘤细胞及普通肌层细胞的细胞浆中,在良性子宫平滑肌肿瘤中弱阳性表达,在子宫平滑肌肉瘤大部分强阳性弥漫性表达。本文中Stathmin-1强阳性表达在诊断子宫平滑肌肉瘤的特异性达到90%。虽然子宫平滑肌肉瘤病理学诊断上主要依据标本HE染色,但遇到如子宫高度富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤、恶性潜能未定平滑肌肿瘤等,有时诊断较为困难[21],其100%的阴性预测价值有一定的辅助诊断意义。对子宫平滑肌肉瘤进行术后随访,本项目中子宫平滑肌肉瘤高表达组生存率低于低表达组。提示Stathmin-1的表达与子宫平滑肌肉瘤的生存率呈负相关, 未来可进一步致力于研究子宫平滑肌肉瘤的Stathmin-1的靶向治疗[22]。
  综上所述,检测Stathmin-1在早期辅助诊断子宫平滑肌肉瘤上有一定的临床意义。Stathmin-1的表达水平与子宫富于细胞平滑肌肿瘤的复发及子宫平滑肌肉瘤的生存率存在相关,有助其预后评估。
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  (收稿日期:2019-07-05)
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