抗苗勒管激素与男性不育疾病相关性的研究进展
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[摘要]抗苗勒管激素(AMH)也称苗勒管抑制物(MIS),由未成熟睾丸支持细胞和卵巢颗粒细胞的不同时期分泌进入血液循环并发挥独特的生理作用。男性中,AMH主要参与了胚胎苗勒管的消退、男性睾丸发育、调节精子发生等过程,上述生理过程中出现异常均可造成男性不育。精子发生的过程依赖支持细胞的微环境,支持细胞作为男性AMH唯一来源,AMH一定程度上反映睾丸生精上皮功能进而提示男性生育能力水平。本文就AMH与男性不育疾病的相关性作一综述。
[关键词]抗苗勒管激素;男性不育;苗勒管永存综合征;精子参数;隐睾症;克氏综合征
[中图分类号] R321.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)2(c)-0022-05
Research progress on the correlation between anti-mullerian hormone and male infertility
YANG Yu-yang1 YU Peng1 XIE De-gao1 TENG Ruo-bing2
1. Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Guilin 541000, China; 2. Reproduction Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Guilin 541000, China
[Abstract] Anti-mullerian hormone, also known as mullerian inhibiting substance, is secreted into the blood circulation by immature testicular Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells at different periods and plays its unique physiological role. In men, AMH is mainly involved in the regression of embryonic mullerianduct, male testicular development, regulation of sperm production and other processes, and the abnormality of above physiological process could cause male infertility. The process of sperm production relies on microenvironment of Sertoli cells, which are the only source of AMH in male and AMH partly reflects the spermatogenic epithelial function of testes to a certain extent, thus suggesting the level of fertility in men. This article reviews the correlation between AMH and male infertility.
[Key words] Anti-mullerian hormone; Male infertility; Persistent mullerianduct syndrome; Sperm parameter; Cryptorchidism; Klinefelte′s syndrome
抗苗勒管激素(anti-mullerian hormone,AMH)是一种由二硫键连接2个相同亚基的同二聚体糖蛋白,分子量为140 kD,人类AMH基因位于染色体19(13.3p19)位点,长度为2.75 kbp,含有5个外显子,属于转化生长因子β超家族成员。AMH最早应用于女性生殖肿瘤及辅助生殖领域。近年来随着男科学的迅速发展,发现AMH与男性生理及生殖系统相关疾病关系密切,尤其是男性不育方面。本文就AMH与男性不育疾病的相关性作一综述。
1 AMH与男性分化
胚胎具有苗勒管(mullerian)和沃爾夫管(wolffian)两套系统,男性生殖系统分化主要受两种激素调节:AMH和睾酮。在男性胚胎中,原始性腺在睾丸决定因子(testis-determining factor,TDF),即Y染色体性别决定区(sex-determining region Y gene,SRY)作用下,启动相关的基因表达,引导原始性腺向睾丸分化,随后睾丸索间的间叶细胞在SRY影响下分化为睾丸间质细胞,并分泌睾酮刺激沃尔夫管分化为附睾、输精管、前列腺和精囊,睾丸未成熟支持细胞通过旁分泌释放AMH,抑制苗勒管分化为子宫、输卵管和阴道上段。男性胚胎第7~8周睾丸支持细胞开始分泌AMH并发挥独特生理作用。出生后3个月血清AMH到达顶峰,约1岁时开始下降并一直保持在相对稳定的水平。随着青春期进展,睾酮的合成增加,对AMH抑制作用大于卵泡刺激素(FSH)的刺激作用,使得AMH水平继续稳定下降直到成年,AMH在成年期保持最低水平[1]。 2 AMH与男性不育症相关疾病
男性不育是指育龄夫妻同居一年以上,未采取任何避孕措施,性生活正常,排除女方因素而由于男方原因致使女方无法自然怀孕的一类疾病。AMH可影响男性生殖系统分化、调节精子发生等过程,均可导致男性不育。
2.1 AMH与性腺发育障碍
性腺发育障碍(disorders of sex development,DSD)可能是由于AMH和睾酮的分泌和或信号传导缺陷所致。当AMH缺乏或Ⅱ型AMH受体(AMHR Ⅱ)变异时,导致患者外生殖器为男性特征,体内男女内生殖器共存,称为苗勒管永存综合征(persistent mullerianduct syndrome,PMDS),属于性腺发育障碍疾病的一种[1]。在正常的血清睾酮水平和AMH水平未检出情况下,结合体格检查、影像学表现等,应高度怀疑本病。PMDS的严重后果是隐睾症(cryptorchidism)及其不育的后遗症和罹患睾丸癌的风险增加,该病患者基本不具备生育能力,早期诊断PMDS并予苗勒管系统切除术和睾丸固定术,患者是可能具有生育能力的。PMDS患者血清AMH水平很可能决定于AMH和AMHR分子水平的突变情况,AMH水平很低或不可测定的情况下提示AMH突变;正常AMH水平则提示AMHR Ⅱ突变[2]。然而,在特殊情况下,AMH检测阳性的PMDS可能是由于AMH基因发生突变,从而影响AMH的生物活性而不是分泌[3]。研究发现在157例PDMS患者中,AMH及AMHR基因突变占88%,其中临床表现主要为隐性睾丸,其余12%为特发性[4]。Di Clemente等[5]研究发现AMH Ⅱ型突变占PMDS病例的40%,AMH突变占46%,余下14%的PMDS具有正常水平的血清AMH,其中未发现遗传因素。两者相似的研究结论说明AMH和AMH Ⅱ突变可导致PMDS。近两年来的PMDS病例报道中,通过基因分析发现了AMH基因中的一个新的纯合子突变p.C526F(c.1577G>T),以及7AMHR Ⅱ基因中的一个新的纯合子突变C.24G>A(p.W8X)[6-7]。由于AMH和AMHR变异的多样性,基因测序中有限的敏感性、特异性,以及不断发现新的AMH和AMHR突变类型,尚不能排除AMH或AMHR及其信号通路中其他分子存在其他突变的可能性。但了解特发性PMDS的病因目前是研究的重点。
2.2 AMH与精子参数
精子发生受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis,HPG axis)调控。AMH可在下丘脑和垂体层面发挥作用,通过AMH在垂体促性腺激素细胞谱系中激活Smad信号通路影响促性腺激素(gona-dotropin,Gn)分泌,从而影响生精过程[8]。精子质量低下是造成男性不育的重要原因之一,目前通过精液常规分析可快速便捷评估男性生育能力。男性AMH仅由睾丸支持细胞分泌,可反映睾丸生精上皮的功能状态[9],并与精子的发生密切相关,可能机制是精子生成过程中,睾丸支持细胞产生影响因子作用生精细胞,促进精子生成,并通过内分泌作调节生精过程。Appasamy等[10-11]认为血清AMH与精子参数成正相關,国内研究者通过实验得出相同结论[12]。而El-Halawaty等[13-14]认为两者无相关性,一项纳入970名普通人群的横断面研究结果亦未发现两者存在相关性[15]。可见国内外研究者对两者相关性仍持不同观点。研究显示,精浆AMH水平与精子浓度、精子总数、进行性精子活力和总精子活力成正相关(P<0.001),血清中抑制素B与精浆、血清中的AMH之间存在强烈关联(P<0.001),可能是由于这两种激素均由睾丸支持细胞产生,而血清AMH水平与精子特性无显著相关性[16]。血清AMH与精浆AMH水平差异极大,可能与由于生精小管和血液之间存在着血睾屏障(blood testis barrier,BTB)中的紧密连接(tight junction,TJ),导致AMH不易进入血液循环有关。同时,AMH的分泌可由睾丸支持细胞顶部向生精小管内分泌,也可由基部向循环系统分泌。成年期AMH主要向生精小管内分泌为主[17]。由此,精浆AMH水平结合常规精液分析可提高检查结果的准确性。且精浆AMH较血清AMH预测精子持续发生更具优势,但在较低范围内其预测性较低[16]。此外,研究发现使用重组人AMH可改善精子活力[18]。Condorelli等[19]认为血清AMH联合抑制素B和睾丸体积对青春期睾丸疾病和原发性睾丸损伤具有早期诊断的作用。这种检查将有助于早期发现睾丸损伤,从而预防成年期的男性不育症。
2.3 AMH与无精症
男性常规精液分析3次及以上检测不出精子称为无精症,根据其射精管道系统是否存在物理阻塞,可分为梗阻性无精症(obstructive azoospermia,OA)和非梗阻性无精症(non-obstructive azoospermia,NOA)。大多数OA患者可通过解除梗阻后获取精子并生育后代。大约50%的真性NOA患者中可成功提取精子[20]。在一侧睾丸活检中未提取出精子并不能保证在此睾丸中完全没有精子存在,部分NOA患者经重复多次睾丸活检,仍可提取出足够的精子供卵泡浆内单精子注射(ICSC)使用[21]。提示NOA患者睾丸中存在局灶性精子生成[22]。有研究表明在NOA患者中,精浆AMH可作为一种无创性的持续低精子发生标志物[23]。也有学者研究发现精浆AMH水平与精子参数相关但对NOA患者睾丸取精术(TESE)结果预测性较差[24]。另有研究表明在NOA患者中,精浆AMH对外科精子提取结局没有预测价值[25]。徐进等[26]研究结果显示,血清AMH有助于预测显微TESE(m-TESE)结局,获精组血清AMH水平低于无精组,与Alfano等[27]报道一致,说明AMH水平增高提示NOA患者生殖细胞库的耗竭,可作为睾丸外分泌功能整体受损的标志。利用统计学方法绘制血清FSH,精浆抑制素B、AMH的综合受试者工作特征曲线(SROC)下产生曲线下面积(AUC)为0.985(敏感性100%,特异性80%),提示该模型对TESE结局有较好的预测效果[28]。研究人员利用AMH水平和AMH与总睾酮(AMH/tT)的比例预测NOA患者m-TESE结局,阳性预测准确率分别为93%和95%[27]。不同研究结果的产生可能与研究对象、实验仪器、操作相关。可见精浆AMH联合其他检测指标如FSH、抑制素B、睾酮等参数,其预测外科精子提取术结局准确性优于使用某单一检验参数。2010年发表诊断准确性荟萃分析研究表明,血清AMH和精浆AMH对NOA患者取精术结局的预测作用是有限的[29]。但该研究纳入文献数量较少,缺乏说服力。类似文献尚未见更新,AMH对NOA患者睾丸精子提取术结局的预测作用有待进一步的研究。 2.4 AMH与隐睾症
隐睾症是指睾丸未能按正常发育过程通过腹股沟管等解剖部位,而是停留在下降路径中某一部位的一种常见小儿先天畸形。隐睾症是导致男性不育和睾丸癌的重要原因之一。研究推测AMH及其受体基因型与隐睾症相关[30],但缺乏足够多的样本,无法得出明确的结论。睾丸异常解剖位置温度引起睾丸支持细胞数量不同程度的下降,导致AMH水平下降和生殖细胞发生异常[31-32]。Cortes等[33]发现可通过AMH水平下降程度反映睾丸支持细胞受损的严重程度,从而评估其不育的风险。临床工作中鉴别无睾症和隐睾症,可通过体格检查、影像学等手段,均存在一定的局限性,手术探查可明确有无睾丸,但外科干预具有不可预知风险性。由于支持细胞是最早出现在胚胎睾丸中的细胞类型,且作为男性体内分泌AMH的唯一细胞,并可作为青春期前支持细胞功能的标志物[34]。评估睾丸组织是否存在,应首先考虑检测AMH。Lee等[35]通过实验证明AMH水平预测睾丸组织是否存在的敏感性为92%,特异性为90%,均优于传统的检测Y染色体预测睾丸组织效果。研究发现AMH可能具有缩短人类睾丸引带的作用,并参与睾丸的下降过程中经腹股沟阶段[36]。
2.5 AMH与克氏综合征(Klinefelte′s yndrome,KS)
KS是人类不孕症最常见的遗传原因之一,KS在不育男性中上升至3%~4%,在无精子症患者中上升至10%~12%[37],临床表现为身材高大,长腿和长臂,乳房增大、睾丸小而硬,可伴有隐睾和尿道下裂等表现,无精症是该病的典型症状。通过核型和Y染色体微缺失(YCMD)试验,最常见核型异常是KS(47,XXY,发现于1/600男性),多项研究表明KS患者青春期前AMH、抑制素B、和FSH水平正常,青春期后AMH水平下降,提示KS患者的睾丸支持细胞功能可保持至青春期,AMH水平可一定程度上反映KS患者病变严重程度[38-40]。Aksglaede等[38]认为这种下降是与青春期相关的生精小管透明化的结果,而不是由垂体性腺轴水平的调节机制紊乱引起的,而血清AMH未能作为KS患者外科睾丸精子提取术结局的预测指标[41]。
3小结
总之,AMH作为新兴男性生育能力标志物具有广阔的前景,笔者认为通过AMH联合其他内分泌激素水平和或影像学等指标,在评估精子质量、预测外科取精术结局、判断性腺组织存在等方面具有特殊优势,一定程度上可避免不必要的外科手术干预,减轻患者心理、经济负担。近年发现AMH对外科取精术结局均有较好预测作用。完善男性AMH水平范围、确定最佳诊断阈值、阐明AMH及其受体基因的多样性与遗传性男性不育疾病的相关性,将更有助于指导临床实践和为临床医师诊断提供更多有力证据。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-19 本文編辑:任秀兰)
[基金项目]广西壮族自治区桂林市科学研究与技术开发计划项目(2016012706-3)
[作者简介]杨雨阳(1994-),男,桂林医学院2018级在读硕士研究生,研究方向:泌尿外科、男性不育
通讯作者:滕若冰(1979-),男,博士,副主任医师,研究方向:男性不育
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