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右美托咪定对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者神经损伤标志物及术后认知功能的影响

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  [摘要] 目的 探讨右美托咪定对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者神经损伤标志物及术后认知功能的影响。 方法 选取2017年1月~2019年1月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者150例,随机分为观察组与对照组。观察组予右美托咪定1 μg/(kg·h)诱导麻醉后予以咪达唑仑、芬太尼、丙泊酚、维库溴铵及依托咪酯全麻,并予气管插管、辅助机械通气后使用右美托咪定0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h)维持麻醉;对照组采用相同剂量的生理盐水替代右美托咪定,余麻醉方式同观察组。分别在手术开始前(T1)、手术结束时(T2)、术后6 h(T3)及术后24 h(T4)检测神经损伤标志物S100β与神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE);同时分别在T1、T3及T4采用簡易智力状态检查法(MMSE)评估患者的认知功能。结果 T2、T3及T4时两组S100β与NSE水平均较T1时明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),且对照组升高幅度较观察组更显著(P<0.05);T3及T4时两组MMSE评分均较T1时明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且对照组下降幅度较观察组更显著(P<0.05)。 结论  腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者使用右美托咪定能够减低神经损伤标志物水平的升高,减轻术后认知功能的损伤。
  [关键词] 腹腔镜胆囊切除术;右美托咪定;神经损伤标志物;认知功能
  [中图分类号] R614          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)11-0127-04
  Effects of Dexmedetomidine on neurological markers and postoperative cognitive function of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  CHEN Lijian1   CONG Haitao1, 2   LIANG Huiying3
  1.Department of Anesthesiology,  Department of Medical Affairs, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Taizhou 318050,China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai   317000,China; 3.Department of Medical Affairs, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group) in Zhejiang Province, Taizhou   318050,China
  [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of Dexmedetomidine on neurological markers and postoperative cognitive function of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods 150 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly divided into observation group and control group. The observation group was given Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/(kg·h) to induce anesthesia, after that, the observation group was given Midazolam, Fentanyl, Propofol, Vecuronium bromide, and Etomidate, and the Dexmedetomidine 0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h) was also administered after endotracheal intubation and assisted mechanical ventilation to maintain anesthesia. The control group was treated with the same dose of normal saline instead of Dexmedetomidine and the remaining anesthesia was the same as that of the observation group. The nerve injury marker S100β and the neuron-specific enolase NSE were detected before the start of surgery(T1), at the end of surgery(T2), 6 hours after surgery(T3), and 24 hours after surgery(T4). At the same time, Minimum Mental State Examination(MMSE) was used to evaluate the cognitive function of patients at T1, T3, and T4. Results The levels of S100β and NSE in T2, T3 and T4 were higher than those in T1(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the increase in the control group was more significant than that in observation group(P<0.05). At T3 and T4, the MMSE scores of the group were lower than those at T1(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the degree of decline of control group was more significant than that of observation group(P<0.05). Conclusion The use of Dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reduce the level of neurological damage markers and reduce postoperative cognitive impairment.   [Key words] Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Dexmedetomidine; Neurological markers; Cognitive  function
  腹腔镜胆囊切除术是治疗胆囊结石和胆囊腺肌症等各类胆囊良性疾病的首选术式[1-2]。腹腔镜胆囊切除术需使用全身麻醉,在高腹压及高CO2的刺激下易引起神经损伤及认知功能障碍的发生[3,4]。因此选择合适的麻醉药物对于减少术后不良反应的发生具有重要的意义。右美托咪定是高选择性的α2受体激动剂,具有抑制交感及抗炎等作用,对于降低全麻术后不良反应具有一定的作用[5,6]。本研究观察了右美托咪定对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者神经损伤标志物及术后认知功能的影响,现报道如下。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  选取2017年1月~2019年1月在我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者150例。纳入标准[7]:(1)胆囊良性疾病者;(2)ASA分级I~II级。排除标准[8]:(1)伴有严重的呼吸及循环系统等疾病无法接受全麻手术者;(2)伴恶性肿瘤者;(3)伴精神疾病或认知障碍者。采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,两组患者的性别、年龄、体重、手术时间等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
  1.2 治疗方法
  两组患者术前予以常规的围手术期准备,予以留置导尿,术前禁食8 h。进入手术室后予常规监测心率、血压、氧饱和度等,操作过程按常规进行。观察组予以右美托咪定1 μg/(kg·h)诱导麻醉后予咪达唑仑0.04~0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼4~6 μg/kg、丙泊酚0.5~1 mg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg及依托咪酯全麻,并予气管插管、辅助机械通气后使用右美托咪定0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.04~0.4 μg/(kg·min)维持麻醉,并间断给予维库溴铵进行肌肉松弛;对照组采用相同剂量的生理盐水替代右美托咪定,余麻醉方式同观察组。分别在手术开始前(T1)、手术结束时(T2)、术后6 h(T3)及术后24 h(T4)检测神经损伤标志物S100β与神经特异性烯醇化酶(Neuron-specificenolase,NSE)。同时分别在T1、T3及T4采用简易智力状态检查法(MMSE)评估患者认知功能。
  1.3 观察指标
  1.3.1 S100β与NSE水平的检测  清晨抽取空腹外周静脉血2~3 mL,采用3000 r/min分离血清,离心5 min,置于-70℃冰箱保存。采用酶联吸附法(ELISA)测定S100β和NSE水平,试剂盒选择上海西唐生物科技有限公司生产的S100β和NSE的ELISA试剂盒。
  1.3.2 认知功能评估标准[9]  采用简易智力状态检查法MMSE评分评估患者认知功能,MMSE评分内容包括时间定向、地点定向、图形描画、语言表达、短时记忆、语言阅读、理解等,总分0~30分,其中27分以上为认知功能正常。
  1.4 统计学方法
  应用SPSS19.0统计学软件对数据进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验和F检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 两组患者手术前后血清S100β与NSE水平比较  T1时两组S100β与NSE水平比较相接近(P>0.05)。T2、T3及T4时两组S100β与NSE水平均较T1时明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),且对照组升高幅度较观察组更显著(P<0.05)。见表2。
  2.2 两组患者手术前后MMSE评分比较
  T1时MMSE评分比较相接近(P>0.05),T3及T4时两组MMSE评分均较T1时明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且对照组下降幅度较观察组更显著(P<0.05)。见表3。
  3 讨论
   腹腔镜胆囊切除术是临床常见的手术方式之一,近年来,随着胆囊疾病发病率的增加,腹腔镜胆囊切除术越来越多的应用于临床,其具有手术创伤小、术后并发症少、术后恢复快等优点[10,11]。但腹腔镜胆囊切除术需要气管插管、全身麻醉,且手术过程中需要采用气腹来保证手术视野[12,13]。由于疼痛和气腹的影响患者术后易出现神经损伤和认知功能异常,常表现为焦虑、性格改变、精神错乱、记忆力受损,严重者甚至会导致患者出现痴呆,影响患者的预后和生存质量,给患者及家庭造成沉重的精神和经济负担[14,15]。S100β与NSE是两种新型的脑损伤标志物,其分别代表神经胶质细胞和神经细胞的受损程度,在体内处于较为稳定的水平,与性别、年龄等变化无明显关系,只有当脑损伤出现时两者水平才会出现升高,因此临床上检测两者的水平可以用来反应神经损伤和认知水平受损的程度[16-18]。术后认知功能障碍发病率较高,但发病原因尚不明确,有研究显示其与手术导致的全身炎症反应、手术应激、过度磷酸化、术后低氧血症等有一定的关系[19-20]。术后认知功能障碍如不及时治疗可能出现永久性认知功能障碍,合理的选择麻醉药物和麻醉方式以减少术后认知功能障碍成为近来研究的热点[21,22]。
   右美托咪定是一种新型的高选择性α2肾上腺能受体激动剂,其通过兴奋突触前α2肾上腺能受体,降低血儿茶酚胺水平从而减少交感活性,减少神经末梢去甲肾上腺的释放,从而达到良好的镇静、镇痛、催眠及抗焦虑等作用[23,24]。近年来,有研究显示进一步研究发现,右美托咪啶还具有一定的神经保护作用,其能够抑制大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后的神经细胞内外的炎性因子、降低脑组织内炎症反应及神经细胞的毒性[25,26]。本次研究发现,T2、T3及T4时两组S100β与NSE水平均较T1时升高,且对照组升高幅度较观察组更显著,由此研究结果可以发现手术及麻醉等操作会损伤患者的神经系统,因此术后神经损伤标志物S100β与NSE水平均会出现上升,右美托咪定能够减轻神经损伤的程度,因此观察组S100β与NSE水平升高幅度较小,考虑是由于右美托咪定通过抑制中枢神经系统中去甲肾上腺素的释放,从而降低了脑细胞和脑脊液中去甲肾上腺素浓度,达到减轻神经系统的损伤的作用。本研究还发现,T3及T4时两组MMSE评分均较T1时下降,且对照组下降幅度較观察组更显著。由此研究结果可以发现,手术及麻醉等操作还会影响患者术后的认知功能,患者术后常出现认知功能障碍,而右美托咪定能够减少手术及麻醉对认知功能的影响。这是由于血流动力学的改变是造成术后认知功能障碍的主要原因之一,而右美托咪定能够抑制术后交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋,减少儿茶酚胺释放,从而减轻促肾上腺皮质激素及肾上腺糖皮质激素释放,患者术后血流动力学更加稳定,认知功能影响更小。    總之,腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者使用右美托咪定能够减低神经损伤标志物水平的升高,减轻术后认知功能的损伤。
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  (收稿日期:2019-07-15)
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