高中英语非谓语动词用法小结
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摘 要:在近年的高考英语语法填空和短文改错题型中,对非谓语动词的考察明显有所增加,且试题情景化,角度多样化,但试题的难度有所控制,以“基础”加“常用”为出发点,重在考察知识的积累。
关键词:高中英语 非谓语动词 理解和运用
非谓语动词在整个高中阶段是较难的语法点,在近年的高考语法填空和短文改错题型中,对非谓语动词的考察明显有所增加,且试题情景化,角度多样化,但试题的难度有所控制,以“基礎”加“常用”为出发点,重在考察知识的积累。因此在学习的过程中,从非谓语动词的概念理解入手,即什么是非谓语动词,什么时候用非谓语动词,并弄清非谓语动词的构成形式及基本用法,遇到题目自然就迎刃而解了。
非谓语动词主要有三种形式,即动词不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词。在日常学习中应该注意积累,对重点动词要强化记忆,多练习,形成语感。在做题时首先分析句子结构,判断非谓语动词在句中所起的作用,找出其逻辑主语,判断其与逻辑谓语的主被动关系,明确其与句子的谓语动词所表示动作的时间先后关系。
一、动词不定式的用法
1.作主语,当作主语的不定式短语较长时,常用it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语(不定式短语)放在谓语之后,常见用it作形式主语的句型有:
It is easy/difficult/hard/important/right/possible/necessary…for sb. to do … ;It is nice/kind/cruel/wise/clever/foolish/stupid/polite/careful/…of sb. to do…;It’s a pleasure/pity/an honour…to do…;It takes sb. some time to do sth.
2.作表语。动词不定式用在系动词(如be,seem,remain,appear,get等)后面,用来说明主语的内容。例 His wish is to be a doctor.
3.作宾语。接不定式(to do)作宾语的动词、短语常见的有:want, wish, hope, expect,would like/love, plan, prepare, mean ,agree, promise, offer, refuse,ask, beg, decide, determine,make up one’s mind(s) to do,manage , try 等。
4.作形容词的宾语。如be happy/glad/pleased/sure/ready/anxious/eager/free/afraid/willing to do
5.作宾语补足语。常带动词不定式作宾补的动词或短语有:ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, beg, allow, expect, invite, tell, know, ask for, call on, depend on(sb.to do sth.)等。
感官动词:一感(feel),二听(hear,listen to),三让(make,have,let),五看(see,watch,look at,observe,notice)用于主动句,后跟不带to 的不定式作宾补,但在被动语态中,宾补变成主补时,要加上to。
6.作定语。动词不定式作定语时,它的位置是在它所修饰的词之后。如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词,就要在这个不及物动词后面加上介词,使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。
7.作状语。表示目的:如in order (not) to do, so as (not) to do;表示原因如:We jumped with joy to hear the news.表示结果:不定式常和only,never连用,强调结果和失望的情绪。如:They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
8.作独立充分如:To be frank 坦率地说;To tell you the truth 说实话
9.how, when, where ,what, which, who, whether等疑问词+动词不定式相当于一个名词短语,可用在句中作主语,表语,动词的宾语,介词的宾语,同位语,宾语补足语,后置定语和状语。
10.不定式的省略
为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, plan, need, mean, forget, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后再次出现与前面相同的不定式时可以省去而只留下不定式符号to。如果在省略的不定式结构中有be, have, have been时,要保留。
在使役动词make 和感官动词(feel,see,watch,notice, listen to, hear, observe)后作宾补时,不定式的符号要省略,但当变成被动句时,符号to要补上。即make sb. do(主动) →be made to do(被动);see sb. do(主动)→be seen to do(被动);
had better do,;can’t help but do,;would rather do…than do…;do nothing but do; can’t choose but do; have no choice but do,;There is nothing to do but do等结构中动词不定式省略to。 二、动名词的用法
1.作主语。动名词作主语时,谓语动词一律用单数形式。下面的句型中常用it作形式主语,用动名词作真实主语。It is a waste of/no good/no use/worthwhile doing…意為“做什么是没用的/值得的”。There be 句型中,常用动名词作主语, 意为“做什么是没用的”:There is no use/good/sense/point in doing…
2.作表语。如:His hobby is painting.
3.作宾语。只接动名词作宾语的动词和短语有:advice/suggest, practice, avoid , mind, imagine, delay, finish, enjoy, consider, risk, resist, appreciate, excuse, put off, miss, keep, allow, admit, give up ,can’t/couldn’t help , be used to doing,look forward to ,be fond of, be good at, be interested in, dream of, prevent/stop/keep sb. from doing, depend on, thank sb. for doing, feel like ,spend …in doing, devote…to doing, be busy in …, be afraid of, be tired of, burst out,insist on等。
三、分词的用法
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动,而及物动词的过去分词则表示被动。现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示动作已经完成。
1.作定语。单个分词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词的前面。分词短语作定语时,则放在名词的后面,相当于定语从句。
2.作表语。某些使役动词的现在分词一般用来修饰和说明事物,其过去分词一般用来修饰和说明人。如:amusing, amused; exciting, excited; interesting, interested; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; puzzling, puzzled, satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; astonishing, astonished等。
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