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贝伐珠单抗应用于非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

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  [摘要] 目前,非小细胞肺癌是世界癌症相关死亡的重要原因之一,发病率逐年增加。该现状促使人们寻求更加有效的治疗手段来延长患者的生存期,改善患者的生存质量。本文通过综述相关的临床数据,总结贝伐珠单抗在非小细胞肺癌中的应用,探讨贝伐珠单抗临床使用的有效性、可能出现的不良事件、未来发展方向。
  [关键词] 非小细胞肺癌;贝伐珠单抗;有效性;不良事件
  [中图分类号] R734.2          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)08-0187-06
  Research progress of bevacizumab in non-small cell lung cancer
  LU Yuan   CAI Yongguang
  Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang   524000, China
  [Abstract] At present, non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) is one of the important causes of cancer-related death in the world, and its incidence has been increased year by year. This situation has prompted people to seek more effective therapy to extend the survival of patients and improve their quality of life. This article reviews relevant clinical data, summarizes the application of bevacizumab in NSCLC, and discusses the effectiveness of clinical use of bevacizumab, potential adverse events, and future development directions.
  [Key words] Non-small cell lung cancer; Bevacizumab; Effectiveness; Adverse events
  目前,肺癌是世界上癌癥相关死亡的重要原因。其中,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占85%,57%的NSCLC 患者初诊时已为进展期,丧失手术治疗的机会[1,2]。虽然,临床治疗手段较多,但进展期NSCLC患者的生存期仅有4~6个月,5年生存率低于5.0%[3]。目前临床上对于进展期 NSCLC 患者,一线治疗方案仍为含铂类药物化疗[4,5],但该治疗方案已达瓶颈,部分患者病情难以控制[6]。近年来,抗血管生成治疗肺癌疗效显著,有效改善了NSCLC患者的预后[7,8]。近年来有多项关于抗血管生成药物的临床研究,以及多种新的药物进入临床实践[9,10]。其中,贝伐珠单抗可抑制血管内皮生长因子,减少肿瘤血管生成,而发挥抗肿瘤作用,具有一定的临床优势[11,12]。本文就贝伐珠单抗在NSCLC患者一线、二线、维持、跨线治疗等方面的进展进行综述。
  1 贝伐珠单抗的作用机制
  1971年,Folkman J等[13]就发现肿瘤新生血管在肿瘤的发生、发展、转移过程中发挥重要作用,因此,如何有效抑制新生血管生成成为癌症治疗新焦点。肿瘤新生血管的生成是肿瘤与微环境相互作用的结果,受体内多种因素的影响[14]。其中,血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是目前发现的最主要相关因子[15,16]。VEGF与其受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)的结合,促进肿瘤血管内皮细胞的异常增生和迁移,增加血管的通透性。抗血管生成剂可促进肿瘤新生血管的正常化。贝伐珠单抗(Bevacizumab)是一种重组的人源化的单克隆IgG抗体[17],可与VEGFR的特异性结合,使其丧失活化的机会,通过抑制VEGF发挥生物学效应,进而发挥抑制肿瘤新生血管生成的作用[18,19]。
  2 贝伐珠单抗在NSCLC治疗中的应用
  2.1 一线治疗
  虽然铂类化疗是目前治疗晚期NSCLC的标准疗法,但NSCLC患者的中位生存期仅为8~10个月。近年来,随着肿瘤治疗方案迅速发展,NSCLC的预后也得到了很大的改善。众所周知,血管生成是肿瘤细胞增殖和转移的必要条件,VEGF可促进肿瘤血管生成。研究表明,VEGF在多种恶性肿瘤中高表达。贝伐珠单抗是一种抗VEGFR的单克隆抗体,可通过抑制肿瘤异常新生血管的生长而发挥抗肿瘤作用[20,21]。
  Margolin K等[22]进行了贝伐珠单抗的Ib期临床试验,采用贝伐珠单抗联合化疗治疗晚期NSCLC患者,结果显示患者耐受性良好,且没有出现明显的毒性反应。随后进行Ⅱ期临床研究,将未进行化疗的晚期NSCLC患者分为三组:贝伐珠单抗组、卡铂/紫杉醇组、贝伐珠单抗联合卡铂/紫杉醇组。结果发现,联合用药组患者的客观缓解率、无进展生存期、总生存期均显著优于单独用药组,且高剂量组患者的临床疗效显著优于低剂量组[23]。患者最突出的不良反应为出血,主要表现为皮肤黏膜出血与大咯血,在鳞状NSCLC患者中更常见。因此建议将非鳞状NSCLC患者作为贝伐珠单抗联合化疗的可接受亚群。   美国东部肿瘤协作组随即进行了贝伐珠单抗的Ⅲ期临床研究[24],将878例非鳞状NSCLC ⅢB/Ⅳ期患者随机分为单独化疗组和联合治疗组,结果显示,联合组患者中位数无进展生存期可达6个月,中位总生存期达12个月,且毒性可控制。基于这一令人鼓舞的结果,美国FDA于2006年10月批准了贝伐珠单抗作为一线药物用于治疗晚期NSCLC。为了确定最佳使用剂量,进行了另一项Ⅲ期临床试验评估贝伐珠单抗(7.5 mg/kg和15 mg/kg,3次/周)联合吉西他滨/顺铂治疗NSCLC的疗效和一线管理[25]。
  为进一步评估贝伐珠单抗联合一线化疗方案的安全性,又进行大型Ⅳ期临床试验[26],招募了2212例未治疗的晚期、转移、复发的非鳞状NSCLC患者,接受6个周期贝伐珠单抗加标准化疗,并使用贝伐珠单抗维持治疗。结果显示,患者不良事件的发生率较低,8%患者静脉血栓栓塞,6%患者高血压,4%患者出血,3%患者蛋白尿,3%患者死亡。进一步证实了贝伐珠单抗联合一线化疗方案治疗晚期非鳞状NSCLC均有较高的安全性。
  Zhou C等[27]进行了一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的多中心BEYOND实验。以中国276例晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者为研究对象,随机分为紫杉醇/卡铂加安慰剂组和紫杉醇/卡铂联合贝伐珠单抗组,结果显示,与安慰剂对照组相比,联合贝伐珠单抗组的患者中位无进展生存期为9.2个月,显著高于安慰剂组的6.5个月;中位总生存期为24.3个月显著高于安慰剂组的17.7个月,客观缓解率也明显改善。该临床实验进一步证实基于贝伐珠单抗的一线治疗用于治疗NSCLC患者的疗效。
  2.2 二线治疗
  Heist RS等[28]进行了一项多中心临床Ⅱ期实验,采集36例既往接受过化疗的晚期NSCLC患者为研究对象,给予奧沙利铂/培美曲塞和贝伐珠单抗联合治疗。患者的中位无进展生存期为5.8个月,中位总生存期为12.5个月。患者最常见的毒副反应是高血压。其中,9例伴脑转移患者在治疗过程中未出现脑出血,提示基于贝伐珠单抗二线治疗方案对于晚期NSCLC的疗效较好,且患者耐受。Adjei AA等[29]研究了培美曲塞联合贝伐珠单抗二线治疗的48例晚期NSCLC患者的临床疗效。结果显示,患者的疾病控制率可达50%,中位无进展生存期为4.1个月,中位总生存期为8.6个月。研究还发现,该研究方案对特定GGH、SLC19A1、FPGS基因型的晚期NSCLC患者疗效特别显著。这些实验证实了培美曲塞和贝伐珠单抗的联合对既往接受过化疗的晚期NSCLC患者的疗效是确切的,且患者可耐受。
  2.3 维持治疗
  维持治疗可延缓肿瘤患者的疾病进展,延长患者的生存期,改善患者的预后。采用单药维持治疗已广泛应用于晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者中,而对于采用贝伐珠单抗和细胞毒性药物联合的维持治疗方案的临床获益尚未明确。Barlesi F等[30]进行随机对照AVAPERL研究评估了单独使用贝伐珠单抗和培美曲塞联合贝伐珠单抗用于维持治疗未进展晚期NSCLC患者的临床疗效。研究结果显示,与单独使用贝伐珠单抗相比,双药联合维持治疗具有显著的无进展生存期益处(10.2个月vs. 6.6个月)以及总体生存率优势。Karayama M等[31]将晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者分为培美曲塞维持治疗组和培美曲塞联合贝伐珠单抗维持治疗组,结果显示,培美曲塞联合贝伐珠单抗维持治疗组患者平均1年无进展生存率为43.9%,培美曲塞维持治疗组为35.2%,差异显著(P=0.0433),说明采用培美曲塞联合贝伐珠单抗维持治疗对于晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者有效,但是否能进一步提高患者的生存率有待进一步研究。
  2.4 恶性胸腔积液
  恶性胸腔积液是NSCLC患者常见的并发症之一,患者预后较差。VEGF在恶性胸腔积液的发病机制中发挥重要作用,而贝伐珠单抗已证实能有效抑制恶性胸腔积液。Du N等[32]将72例伴有恶性胸腔积液的NSCLC患者随机分为单独接受顺铂治疗组和顺铂联合贝伐珠单抗治疗组,治疗前、后收集患者胸腔积液检测肿瘤标志物水平。结果显示,联合贝伐珠单抗组患者的临床有效率为83.33%,显著高于顺铂组的50.00%(P<0.05),且联合治疗组患者胸腔积液中VEGF的水平显著降低。两组患者3/4级不良反应事件发生率无明显差异。另外,两项临床研究分别评估了贝伐珠单抗治疗非鳞状NSCLC患者恶性胸腔积液的疗效,结果显示,贝伐珠单抗对伴有恶性胸腔积液的NSCLC患者有效,且毒性在可接受的范围内[33,34]。
  2.5 脑转移
  NSCLC患者脑转移是指原发肺部恶性肿瘤,通过血液循环等途径,转移到脑部形成脑部的继发性肿瘤,是肺癌患者死亡的重要因素。近年来,越来越多的研究证实了贝伐珠单抗用于治疗NSCLC患者脑转移的疗效和安全性。在初期的临床试验中,脑出血的风险迫使医生放弃了对脑转移NSCLC患者采取贝伐珠单抗为基础的治疗方案。Socinski MA[35]等进行的Ⅱ期PASSPORT试验以及Besse B等[36]回顾性研究分析了脑转移NSCLC患者加用抗凝剂进行治疗,结果发现患者不良事件的发生率较低,且发现贝伐珠单抗不会增加脑转移NSCLC患者发生脑出血的风险,脑转移患者服用抗凝剂可增加贝伐珠单抗使用的可能性。Ⅱ期前瞻性BRAIN试验评估了PCB(紫杉醇/卡铂+贝伐珠单抗)一线方案和厄洛替尼/贝伐珠单抗二线方案治疗伴有脑转移的Ⅳ期NSCLC患者的临床疗效,该研究共纳入91例患者,其中只有1例(1.1%)出现非致死性颅内出血,且一线PCB方案组患者无进展生存期为6.7个月,中位总生存期为16.0个月[37]。Tang N等[38]评估了776例采用不同辅助治疗方案治疗晚期脑转移NSCLC患者的临床疗效。结果显示,贝伐珠单抗联合化疗方案对于伴有脑转移的NSCLC患者临床疗效最好;对于EGFR野生型患者,该联合方案可改善患者的进展生存期和总生存期。   3 貝伐珠单抗的副反应和禁忌证
  3.1高血压
  高血压是临床采用贝伐珠单抗治疗NSCLC最常见的毒副反应[39,40]。因VEGF-A可促进一氧化氮(NO)的产生,NO具有舒张血管的效应,故贝伐珠单抗作为VEGF 抑制剂能通过抑制NO 的产生而导致患者出现高血压[41]。Seto T等[42]研究发现,厄洛替尼联合贝伐珠单抗治疗NSCLC的患者中有60%(45例)出现高血压,而单独使用厄洛替尼的患者中只有10%(8例)出现高血压。
  3.2 出血
  因 VEGF 能对正常血管和异常肿瘤血管同时发生作用,而贝伐珠单抗可抑制VEGF的活性,进而也可破坏正常血管结构,导致患者出血[43,44]。Laskin J等[45]进行的临床随机研究中发现,对使用贝伐珠单抗进行治疗的NSCLC 患者中约有38%的患者发生出血。Brenner A等[46]研究发现,对进行一项随机对照试验,发现厄洛替尼联合贝伐珠单抗治疗的非鳞状 NSCLC组中有2.7%的患者出现3/4级出血,而仅使用厄洛替尼治疗组中无患者出现3/4级出血,表明贝伐珠单抗可增加患者出血风险。
  3.3蛋白尿
  蛋白尿可能与贝伐珠单抗对肾小球内皮细胞的损害有关[47,48]。Tassinari D等[49]评估了1921 例接受贝伐珠单抗治疗的晚期 NSCLC 患者的疗效和安全性,结果发现2.1%(40例)的患者出现蛋白尿。
  3.4其他毒副反应
  如疲劳、充血性心力衰竭[50,51]、血栓、感染、中性粒细胞计数减少、胃肠道穿孔、头痛等,这些毒副作用可能与贝伐珠单抗对正常血管结构的破坏有关。
  3.5 禁忌证
  中央型肺鳞癌患者、咯血(>50 mL/d)的NSCLC 患者以及肿瘤已侵犯重要血管的患者等。
  抗血管生成治疗将人们治疗肿瘤的视角从消除瘤体转移到控制肿瘤微环境,这正符合“带瘤生存”的理念。贝伐珠单抗是抗血管生成治疗的一大进步,虽然存在诸多疑问,如贝伐珠单抗的作用机制尚未完全明了,但不可否认的是,贝伐珠单抗确实改善了晚期NSCLC患者的生存。我们仍需通过更多的试验,提供更有效的信息,不断扩大和完善贝伐珠单抗的适应证,为晚期 NSCLC患者带来更多希望。
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  (收稿日期:2019-11-26)
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