运用语篇写作培养学生批判性思维的研究
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【摘 要】语篇写作是语言知识的延伸和重要的语言技能。笔者基于英语教学的核心素养培育对高中英语语篇写作发起教学研究,正确引导学生英语语篇写作,适时培养学生批判性思维,以提高学生综合运用英语能力和素养,对我们的英语写作教学也起到很好的指导作用。
【关键词】英语核心素养;语篇;批判性思维;写作教学
【中图分类号】G642 【文献标识码】A
【文章编号】2095-3089(2019)15-0203-01
英语学科核心素养是由语言能力、文化意识、思维品质、学习能力四个要素构成。语言能力构成学科基础,基于语篇语境意义的写作是一项重要语言技能和输出。作为高中英语教师,我们长期困惑于如何提高学生英语写作水平并能张扬学生个性培养个性化写作。笔者有幸参加了2018至2019学年度的贵州省级课题《基于核心素养培育的高中英语语篇写作教学研究》实验,取得了一定的成效。
一、研究的内容
语篇(discourse或text)通常是指一系列連续的话段或句子构成的语言整体。语境即言语环境,它包括语言因素也包括非语言因素。如上下文、时间、空间、情景、对象、话语前提等与词语相关的都是语境因素。每个语篇都有一个贯穿全文的整体话题(general topic),而这个话题的提出和展开总是依靠一系列属于同一语义场的词语来体现,即主题语境。属于这个主题框架之外的内容在没有充分理由的情况下一般不应出现在语篇之中,但写作常常离不开作者个人观点的阐述,培养学生批判性思维写作也是培养学生思维品质和文化意识等核心素养的一部分。
将高中英语语篇写作教学应用于实践中。英语写作是一个长期积累的过程,需要通过长期的写作实践来完成。语篇写作则是将语篇进行有逻辑、有顺序、有规则的进项衔接构建,使之连贯、通顺、完整地表达。
从核心素养的培育出发,英语学科内容的学习和发展需要通过长期实践来完成,并基于对英语本质定义的三个方面的判断,我们可以将英语学科目分为英语语言、思维和文化学习与发展。无论是从核心素养还是语言学习的特点,与语言知识的学习相比,英语思维的学习和发展都具有更高的要求。
二、指导写作基本步骤
以读促写→确定主题语境以及语篇类型(what is the general topic and type?)→大脑风暴子话题→(who? What to do? When and where? Why? How? )→ 确定相关要点内容(what should be included?)→ 写好第一句话( the first formal sentence of the passage)→ 在话题语境内再写好下一句 (keep your idea to the topic)→ 想好衔接,利用一些必要的过渡词以使行文连贯(how to be coherent)→ 用写长法使每一个句子尽可能长一点(try to write as long a sentence as possible)→ 修改定形(revising the text)。
下面我们就如何使行文连贯以及使用较复杂较高级句型举个例子,当我们要求学生写英语日记时,学生常记流水账似的写道:I got up very early this morning. I brushed teeth, washed face, quickly had breakfast. Then I with my friend Li Ping go to school … 很多学生写出了内容,可语法错误不少,行文连贯性差。可引导学生这么表达:
1.This morning I got up very early, and then I brushed my teeth and washed my face quickly. Later I had my breakfast ,and finally I went to school with my good friend Li Ping.
2.Firstly, I got up very early when I heard my alarm clock ringing. Secondly, I brushed my teeth and washed my face quickly. Thirdly, I had my breakfast . Finally I went to school with my good friend Li Ping.
3. Soon after I got up quickly this morning, I brushed my teeth , washed my face in no time. And then I had my breakfast instantly before I went to school with my good friend Li Ping.
这样引导学生写作,不断优化句子,并告诫学生写作不仅要注意行文连贯,还要尽可能运用多种较复杂句型和修饰语。
培养学生批判性思维写作,离不开作者个人观点的阐述,要教会学生能灵活地使用下面句型结构:
1.In the past few years, there has been an growing trend that…… People confliction views of this fact. Some support and some worry about it.
2.Different people have different viewpoints about the phenomenon. On one hand, some people are in favor of it. On the other hand, some other people are opposed of it. But I think “ every coin has two sides.” 3.My personal experience leads me to conclude that …. And I can think of no better illustration of the idea than my own investigation.
三、写作教学中存在的问题
学生在写作中总会存在这样或那样的问题,老师要及时发现,及時纠正。常见问题如下:
1.主题不突出,层次不分明,一段式作文,缺乏主题句。
2.汉语思维太多,不符合英语表达习惯。如,On the playground had a lot of students were playing basketball…
3.表达句型单调,行文不够连贯。如,There is a desk in the classroom, and there is a book on the desk. 可引导学生优化为:In the classroom there is a desk, and on it (there) is a book.
4.词汇匮乏,缺乏多样性。如上句话可用不同词汇表达“存在”In the classroom exists a desk, on which lies a book.
5.阅读量不够,经典范文背得太少。
学生们缺少课外阅读,教师们应该指导学生在课外阅读中积累写作词汇。英语语篇写作教学提出,为语言学习带来了更为科学、系统的学习方法。它能够使学生拥有自己的一套学习方法,积累词汇,学习语法,对英语写作充满信心,从而提高学生的写作水平。
参考文献
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★注:本文为作者参与的贵州省2018年中小学教师省级专项课题《基于核心素养培育的高中英语语篇写作教学研究》的阶段成果之一。
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