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腹腔镜胃癌根治术中吻合方式和消化道重建的现状

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  摘要:随着腹腔镜技术的发展,腹腔镜下胃癌根治术已在临床上广泛开展,其中常见的手术方式包括腹腔镜下近端胃癌根治术、远端胃癌根治术和全胃切除术等。在保证肿瘤根治性的前提下,以最少的创伤与最安全的吻合给患者带来最大的获益是腹腔镜手术的发展方向,术中消化道重建则是腹腔镜下胃癌根治术的关键环节,也是手术的难点所在。本文就腹腔镜下胃癌根治术术中的吻合方式和消化道重建现状和进展进行综述,服务于临床,为手术医生提供思路和参考。
  关键词:腹腔镜手术;胃癌;吻合方式;消化道重建
  中图分类号:R735.2                                 文献标识码:A                                 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.08.015
  文章编号:1006-1959(2020)08-0043-05
  Abstract:With the development of laparoscopic technology, laparoscopic radical gastrectomy has been widely carried out clinically. Among them, common surgical methods include laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer, radical gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer, and total gastrectomy. Under the premise of ensuring the radicalness of the tumor, the greatest benefit to the patient with the least trauma and the safest anastomosis is the development direction of laparoscopic surgery, and intraoperative digestive tract reconstruction is the key link for laparoscopic radical gastrectomy,is also the difficulty of surgery. This article summarizes the anastomosis methods and the status and progress of gastrointestinal reconstruction during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. It serves the clinic and provides ideas and references for the surgeon.
  Key words:Laparoscopic surgery;Gastric cancer;Anastomosis;Digestive tract reconstruction
  胃癌(gastric cancer)是全世界最常見的消化道肿瘤之一,虽然近年来其发病率和死亡率均有下降趋势,但在所有恶性肿瘤中,胃癌的发病率依然是第5位,死亡率则居第3位[1,2]。早期和进展期的胃肿瘤治疗多采用手术切除病灶,并根据术后分期指导放化疗。自Kitano S等[3]将腹腔镜技术首次成功运用到远端胃切除术以后,腹腔镜技术开始被外科医生所熟知和掌握。腹腔镜技术在临床上不断进步和改良,使微无创成为胃癌手术方式的主要发展趋势[4-6]。目前已有研究证实[7-9],腹腔镜手术与开放手术相比,具有切口小,术后恢复快等近期疗效优势,同时其术后远期效果相当。近年来,随着三角吻合(Delta吻合)、Roux-en-Y吻合等技术的不断发展,腹腔镜下胃癌根治术中各种消化道重建方式在临床上迅速开展起来[10]。不同消化道重建方式的短期效果和远期疗效一直是临床上关注的热点。Toyomasu Y等[11]研究表明,与Roux-en-Y吻合相比,Billroth Ⅰ吻合术后患者发生缺铁性贫血和V-D缺乏的机率更低。而Okuno K等[12]研究则认为就术后胆汁反流,残留性胃炎和反流性食管炎的发生频率而言,Roux-en-Y重建优于BillrothⅠ重建。Ding W等[13]研究则发现,三角吻合比腹腔镜辅助Billroth吻合侵入性更少,患者恢复更快,尤其对于肥胖患者。Aburatani T等[14]报道,在腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术中,双管重建术在术后第一年的反流症状发生率(10.5%)低于食管残胃吻合术(54.5%)。不同的消化道重建方式具有各自的优点和缺陷,因此,根据临床情况选择合理的消化道重建方式尤为重要。本文将腹腔镜下胃癌根治术中吻合技术和消化道重建现状和进展进行综述,以期为临床医生提供参考。
  1腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术
  1.1 Billroth-Ⅰ(B-Ⅰ)重建  B-Ⅰ重建是远端胃切除术后最常用的重建方法之一,在1881年由Billroth首次完成[4]。该术式保留了消化道的生理解剖位置,吻合部位仅一个,无残端或输入袢,可以在腹腔镜辅助或完全腹腔镜下进行。其中,Delta吻合是应用最广泛的体内B-Ⅰ吻合方式,即三角吻合,将残胃与十二指肠后壁通过直线切割吻合器进行端端吻合,吻合口在外观上表现为三角形,最早由Kanaya S等[15]于2002年报道。高峡等[16]和尹克宁等[17]研究认为,该技术是一种安全的重建方式,具有创伤小、出血少、能够加快患者术后机体恢复等特点。Wang SY等[18]对2450名患者进行非随机队列研究,结果发现三角吻合比传统腹腔镜辅助B-Ⅰ吻合术中淋巴结的回收率更高,术后首次流质饮食时间更早。但Noshiro H等[19]研究则指出,三角吻合在切割过程中可能影响吻合口的血液供应,并增加与吻合并发症的发生风险,但还需要进一步证实。三角吻合的另一个局限性是术中难以定位肿瘤位置以获得病理学上的安全范围,保证阴性的手术切缘[20]。因此,选择时仍然需要结合患者实际情况和术者操作经验综合考虑。   1.2 Billroth-Ⅱ(B-Ⅱ)重建  B-Ⅱ重建是远端胃切除术后另一种常用的重建方法,该方法的主要优点是肿瘤的位置对吻合过程影响小,同时术后吻合口张力不高,术中也无需对十二指肠进行分离。由于B-Ⅱ重建是胃大弯侧与空肠的侧侧吻合,改变了消化道正常生理结构,因此无法避免碱性反流性胃炎和吻合口炎的发生[21,22],术后残胃癌的发生率也较高[23]。周典伟等[24]在Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合的基础上,结合了Braun吻合,通过输入袢和输出袢短路吻合,有效地减少了并发症的发生。费乐学等[25]通过回顾性研究观察了23例术前合并2型糖尿病的接受Billroth-Ⅱ重建的胃癌患者,发现患者手术后3、6和12个月的空腹及餐后2 h血糖较术前均明显降低,术后各阶段的糖化血红蛋白较术前也明显降低且差异有统计学意义,这说明术前合并2型糖尿病的患者可能更适合进行Billroth-Ⅱ重建。
  1.3 Roux-en-Y和Uncut Roux-en-Y重建  Roux-en-Y吻合是在远端胃大部切除后,将十二指肠残端封闭,并在距Treitz韧带后方12~15 cm处离断空肠,残余胃与远端空肠吻合,再分别于近端空肠及远端空肠对侧系膜缘开口处进行空肠-空肠侧侧吻合,最后关闭共同开口的吻合方式,適合作为靠近幽门位置的肿瘤切除后的首选重建方式[26]。Inokuchi M等[27]和Kim CH等[28]研究证明,Roux-en-Y重建相比B-Ⅰ和B-Ⅱ组,术后食物残留,食管炎,胃炎和术后胆汁反流的发生率明显降低。He L等[29]研究经过长期随访,证明Roux-en-Y重建相比B-Ⅱ重建,患者术后总体发病率更低,这说明RY重建远期疗效更好。但由于Roux-en-Y重建是两个部位的吻合,导致RY的手术时间和吻合时间明显长于B-Ⅰ和B-Ⅱ,多个吻合口也增加了吻合口漏发生的风险[30]。同时,Roux-en-Y吻合容易发生以“恶心、呕吐、腹胀”为表现的Roux淤滞综合征。于是原本的重建开始改良,让残胃和空肠的吻合在不离断空肠的前提下进行,并且通过加入输入袢与输出袢空肠的侧侧吻合,在阻断输入袢空肠的同时保留了小肠电节律的连续性[31,32],即Uncut Roux-en-Y重建。陈光新等[33]和An JY等[30]研究发现,Uncut Roux-en-Y吻合术与传统Roux-en-Y吻合相比,具有操作简便、创伤小、手术时间短、术中出血少的特点,同时更大程度减少了术后并发症的发生率。Yang D等[34]研究却报道,Uncut Roux-en-Y重建术后1年吻合口并发症较高,比例约13%。因此,未来仍需要大规模的前瞻性随机临床试验来评估Uncut Roux-en-Y重建的优缺点。
  2腹腔镜下近端胃癌根治术
  2.1食管胃单纯吻合和管状吻合  食管残胃单纯吻合适用于早期胃癌,肿瘤距离贲门2 cm以内,切除1/3以下胃组织或基础情况不佳对手术耐受较差的患者[35],由于吻合部位仅仅一个,吻合方便,因此在临床上应用较多。但由于胃括约肌的切除,常常会在术后导致严重的反流性食管炎等并发症。Yamashita Y等[36]开发了一种新的食管残胃吻合侧重叠与胃底折叠术(SOFY),通过研究观察到该吻合方式(1/14)比普通食管残胃吻合(5/16)发生反流性食管炎和吻合口狭窄的机率更低,但研究中涉及的临床病例较少。双瓣(DF)则是另一种新兴的改良吻合技术。简而言之,在残余胃的前壁上制造一个DF窗口,再通过腹腔镜手动吻合食道的后壁和残余胃的粘膜上开口,并用皮瓣覆盖吻合口,形成吻合瓣[37]。Kuroda S等[38]回顾性分析了546例接受双瓣食管胃吻合的患者术后相关指标,发现接受该方法的患者术后反流性食管炎和吻合口并发症发生率明显降低。而食管管状胃吻合,则是将残胃做成管状胃,通过延长胃液反流距离和切除部分可分泌胃酸的胃组织,以达到减少发生术后反流性食管炎的概率[39]。Enrique N等[40]研究发现,食管管状胃吻合后术后虽然吻合口张力低,但手术切口出血概率升高。对于食管管状胃吻合的优缺点还需要进一步实验进行阐述。
  2.2单通道和双通道空肠间置吻合  间置空肠吻合也是近端胃切除后常用的吻合方式,术中未改变正常的消化道生理结构,这使术后反流、倾倒综合征等并发症发生概率得到降低。常用的间置空肠吻合方法包括单通道和双通道。单通道间置空肠吻合手术难度相对较大,术中需使用多个吻合器,术后胃排空容易受阻,从临床耗材和收益的角度出发,因此该方式应用较少。而双通道间置空肠吻合(DTR)则是在近端胃切除后,距屈氏韧带15~20 cm处离断空肠,远端空肠与食管残端做端侧吻合(第1个吻合口);离第1个吻合口40 cm左右完成残胃空肠侧侧吻合(第2个吻合口);距第2个吻合口20 cm处做近端空肠与远端空肠侧侧吻合(第3个吻合口),目前应用较多[41]。DTR不仅可以减少术后反流的发生率,还可以保证良好的肠吸收和激素分泌[42,43]。在目前研究中,DTR没有引起手术时间延长和造成更多的术中失血。Park JY等[44]研究报道,与腹腔镜全胃切除术相比,DTR手术术后贫血发生率更低,术后发生维生素B12缺乏的情况更少。这些结果表明,DTR是一种安全可行的手术方法。
  3腹腔镜下全胃切除术
  3.1圆形吻合器吻合  圆形吻合器吻合属于端侧吻合,而吻合的关键则是荷包缝合食管和植入抵钉座两个环节。自2009年首次了报道OrvilTM法,即通过OrvilTM导管辅助完成钉砧头的置入固定后再进行端侧吻合后,该方法在临床上便广泛开展起来[45]。2017年Kawamura H等[46]进行了回顾性研究,认为OrvilTM的吻合方式增加了术后吻合口并发症发生,并认为该吻合方式是术后吻合口并发症发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05),Tokuhara T等[47]研究也得到了同样的结论。而Choi AH等[48]研究却认为,该吻合技术安全可靠。但目前的研究样本量较少,且大部分为回顾性研究,因此OrvilTM法的临床效果仍存在较大争议。Aratani K等[49]提出反穿刺置入抵钉座法,术中用直线切割闭合器取代荷包缝合,通过把尖端拴有丝线的钉砧座置入腹腔后,在丝线帮助下将钉砧座送入食管下段内。但该方法目前还未在临床上广泛开展,相关的研究也较少。2007年Kong SH等[50]报道了腹腔镜下采用荷包缝合器行全胃切除后的食管空肠吻合术。该技术荷包钳体积较小,方便在腹腔镜下使用,相关研究提示其安全可靠,应用前景得到初步认可[51,52]。   3.2直线吻合器吻合  直线吻合器吻合即用直线吻合器离断食管和空肠,再进行食管空肠侧侧吻合。张文勇等[53]研究发现,直线吻合器组的手术时间,术后首次排气时间、流质饮食时间及半流质饮食时间均短于圆形吻合器组(P<0.05)。说明直线吻合器用于全胃切除术后消化道重建可缩短吻合时间,减少术中出血,有利于术后胃肠道功能恢复。除此之外,目前已有文献证明,直线切割吻合器和圆形吻合器相比,直线吻合器在穿刺孔操作,同时形成的不规则类椭圆形吻合口的直径比食管本身的直径更大,降低了术后出现吻合口狭窄的几率[46],甚至杜绝了吻合口狭窄的发生[54],与圆形吻合器吻合线的两排钉相比,直线吻合器的三排钉吻合线的吻合安全性更高[54]。但直线吻合同时也存在一定缺点,由于是线性吻合,需要游离足够长度的食管断端,这在进行高位吻合时较为困难,术后吻合口并发症的发生风险也因此增高[55]。Inaba K等[56]在2010年发明了Overlap侧侧吻合术,将空肠断端朝向近心端,利用直线切割闭合器完成食管空肠的吻合。目前相关研究指出,该方法术后吻合口相关并发症发生率较低,术后短期疗效较好[57,58],但目前仍需要开展高质量大样本临床随机对照研究评估Overlap侧侧吻合的远期疗效。
  4总结
  腹腔镜手术正在朝着更加微创和无创的方向发展。手术过程中的消化道重建方式也朝着更加微创和安全的方向发展。而针对腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的重建方法选择上,目前仍有争议。不同的消化道重建方式有各自的优点和缺点,同时还需要大型和多中心的随机对照实验来对其进一步阐述和证实,也需要临床工作人员对重建方式进行改良和完善。外科医生在临床应用时必须了解各种吻合器和重建方式的优缺点,需要考虑到肿瘤切除的彻底性,重建的安全性和侵入性,手术的效率,术后并发症发生率和胃肠道功能情况等,并结合自己的手术经验以选择最适合患者病情的重建方法。
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  收稿日期:2020-03-07;修回日期:2020-03-16
  編辑/肖婷婷
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