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老年高血压患者的高同型半胱氨酸血症与慢性肾脏病相关性分析

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  摘 要 目的:探讨老年高血压患者高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)患病情况及其与慢性肾脏病(CKD)的相关性。方法:于2017年1-6月通过问卷调查和体格检查收集某社区596名老年高血压患者的信息,其中男性251例,女性345例,年齡60~93岁,平均年龄(70.43±5.94)岁。应用多因素logistic回归模型分析HHcy与CKD的相关性。结果:老年高血压患者的CKD检出率为25.2%,HHcy的患病率为59.40%。HHcy组患者的年龄、男性比例、血尿酸和尿素氮水平明显大于同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)正常组(P<0.05)。校正潜在的混杂因素后,HHcy与肾功能下降及CKD成正相关,调整OR(95%CI)值分别为1.72(1.07~2.77)及4.60(1.30~16.26)。结论:老年高血压患者HHcy患病率较高,且HHcy与CKD正相关。应在合并有HHcy的老年高血压患者中加强CKD的筛查。
  关键词 老年高血压患者;慢性肾脏病;高同型半胱氨酸血症
  中图分类号:R544.1文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2019)10-0038-03
  Analysis of correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia and chronic kidney disease in elderly patients with hypertension
  ZHANG Hongmei, QIAN Qing(Preventive and Health Care Department of Xinzhuang Community Health Service Center of Minhang District, Shanghai 201199, China)
  ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy) in elderly patients with hypertension and its correlation with chronic kidney disease(CKD). Methods: The information of 596 elderly patients with hypertension in a community was collected through questionnaires and physical examinations from January to June 2017, among them, there were 251 males and 345 females, and the age ranged from 60 to 93 years old, with an average age of (70.43±5.94) years old. The correlation between HHcy and CKD was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression model. Results: The detection rate of CKD in elderly hypertensive patients was 25.2%, and the prevalence of HHcy was 59.40%. The age, male proportion, blood uric acid and urea nitrogen levels in the HHcy group were significantly higher than those in the homocysteine(Hcy) normal group(P<0.05). After correcting for potential confounding factors, HHcy was positively correlated with renal dysfunction and CKD. The adjusted OR(95% CI) values were 1.72(1.07~2.77) and 4.60(1.30~16.26), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of HHcy is higher in elderly hypertensive patients, and HHcy is positively correlated with CKD. CKD screening should be strengthened in elderly hypertensive patients with HHcy.
  KEY WORDS elderly hypertensive patient; chronic kidney disease; hyperhomocysteinemia
  慢性肾脏病(CKD)已成为全球公共健康问题,是与心血管疾病(CVD)的发病率增加有关[1-2]。我国普通人群CKD的患病率已高达10.8%[3],老年高血压患者的 CKD患病率则更高[4-6]。高血压和糖尿病都会导致CKD的流行,但CKD增加的风险并不能完全被传统的危险因素(如年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖及脂代谢紊乱等)来解释[7]。因此,进一步寻找CKD的相关影响因素是CKD早期防治的基本措施。既往研究显示,高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)与动脉粥样硬化性血管疾病相关[8-9],是CVD的重要危险因素[10]。本文旨在探讨老年高血压患者中HHcy患病情况及其与CKD的相关性,为高血压患者CKD的早期防治提供依据。
  1 对象和方法   1.1 对象
  以2017年1-6月在上海市闵行区莘庄社区卫生服务中心自愿参加免费健康体检的596名60岁及以上高血压患者为调查对象。其中男251例,女345例,年龄60~93岁,平均年龄(70.43±5.94)岁。
  1.2 方法
  问卷调查内容包括性别、年龄、运动情况、既往病史(糖尿病、心肌梗死及脑梗死等)。体格检查内容包括身高、体重、腰围、收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP),并计算体质指数(BMI),BMI=体重(kg)/身高(m)2。调查对象在空腹8~10 h后被抽取静脉血和留取空腹晨尿。晨尿采用日立7180 全自动生化分析仪检测尿微量白蛋白(乳胶增强免疫比浊法)和尿肌酐(肌氨酸氧化酶法)。血样被用于检测血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血清肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、空腹血糖(FPG)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、血红蛋白等。采用GE LOGIQ P6型彩色超声诊断仪进行肾脏B超检查。
  1.3 诊断标准
  根据《中国高血压防治指南2018年修订版》[11]将Hcy≥15 μmol/L定义为HHcy。符合下列4项中至少一项被诊断为CKD:(1)蛋白尿:尿常规蛋白≥1+;(2)血尿或白细胞尿,即在光学显微镜下400倍视野中发现3个以上红细胞或5个以上白细胞为阳性;(3)尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(尿ACR)>30 mg/g;(4)将估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)<60 ml/min/1.73 m2定义为肾功能下降(deGFR)。eGFR计算采用MDRD公式[12],eGFR(ml/min/1.73m2)=175×Scr-1.234×年龄-0.179×0.79(女性)。
  1.4 统计学处理
  2 结果
  2.1 HHcy组与Hcy正常组老年高血压患者的基本情况比较
  596例老年高血压患者的平均eGFR为(89.81±21.87)ml/min/1.73m2;HHHcy的患病率為59.40%。HHcy组患者的年龄、男性比例、腰围、UA及BUN水平均大于Hcy正常组(P<0.05);eGFR平均水平低于Hcy组(P<0.001)。见表1。
  2.2 HHcy组与Hcy正常组老年高血压患者CKD及其主要诊断指标比较
  在老年高血压患者中检出CKD150人,检出率为25.2%,其中HHcy患者的CKD检出率为28.8%,Hcy正常组患者的CKD检出率为19.8%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.013)。HHcy组的deGFR、尿ACR异常患病率明显高于Hcy正常组(P<0.05)。见表2。
  2.3 HHcy与CKD相关指标的多因素Logistic回归分析
  在单变量logistic回归分析中,HHcy与eGFR和CKD的未校正OR值分别为9.02(95%CI为2.75~29.64)和1.85(95%CI为1.23~2.80)。调整了年龄、性别、糖尿病、脑血管病、心脏疾病、肾超声异常、吸烟、运动、腰围、BMI、血压、FPG、TG、TC、LDL-c、HDL-c、UA、血红蛋白等变量后,HHcy与deGFR及CKD仍然相关。见表3。
  3 讨论
  HHcy被认为与许多疾病相关,特别是血管钙化、动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病[13]和晚期肾脏病[14]等。本次研究结果显示,老年高血压患者中HHcy患病率高达59.40%,远远高于Kong等[15]在一般人群25.0%的调查结果。应用deGFR、蛋白尿、血尿或白细胞尿、以及尿ACR异常来定义CKD,老年高血压患者的CKD患病率为25.2%,HHcy患者中CK D的患病率明显高于Hcy正常组。调查还显示HHcy组的年龄、男性比例、UA、BUN水平高于Hcy组,说明男性老年患者更应注重Hcy水平的监测,并同时定期监测UA和BUN水平。
  在老年高血压患者中,HHcy组的deGFR、尿ACR异常及CKD的患病率明显高于正常组。在调整了潜在混杂因素后,HHcy与deGFR及CKD独立相关,提示在老年高血压人群中检测Hcy具有重要的意义。尤其对合并有HHcy的患者重点筛查CKD,做到早防早治。HHcy与CKD及蛋白尿的发生在普通人群中也存在关联[16-17]。而本研究多因素回归分析并没有显示HHcy与蛋白尿相关。
  我们的研究也存在着一些不足。首先,本研究对象是60岁及以上的高血压人群,样本的代表性具有一定的局限性;其次,该研究采用横断面设计,不能解释HHcy与CKD的因果关系。
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