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腭皱法与传统法比较正畸治疗前后上颌牙弓宽度变化的临床研究

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  [摘要]目的:用腭皺测量法与传统测量法比较正畸患者拔牙与非拔牙矫治前后上颌牙弓宽度的改变量,检测并比较两种测量方法在临床工作中的应用效果。方法:依据纳入与排除标准选取正畸患者40例,按照拔牙方式分为两组,拔牙组与非拔牙组,分别使用传统尖牙间(C-C)、前磨牙间(P-P)及磨牙颊尖间(M-M)宽度测量方法和以腭皱前(A)后(B)为参照测量牙齿颊面宽度的方法测量正畸矫治前后上颌石膏模型牙弓宽度。得到的数据进行拔牙组与非拔牙组组间及矫治前后组内的配对t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:①拔牙组中,腭皱法测得的牙弓宽变化量(A1)明显小于传统法测得的C-C1间牙弓宽变化量,治疗前后与组间差异均具有统计学意义;腭皱法B1牙弓宽度变化量明显大于M-M1间牙弓宽度变化量,治疗前后与组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);②非拔牙组中腭皱法测得的B2上颌牙弓宽度变化量与传统法测得的M-M2间牙弓宽度变化量差异不大,治疗前后与组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);非拔牙组中腭皱法测得的A2牙弓宽度变化量与传统法测得的上颌C-C2部牙弓宽度变化量差异不大,治疗前后与组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);③正畸治疗结束后,采用拔牙、非拔牙矫治,除传统方法得到的拔牙组上颌磨牙间宽度轻微减少外,上颌牙弓宽度均增加。结论:两种方法均可以测量牙弓宽度的变化,拔牙矫治时以腭皱为标志点的测量方法更能真实反映牙弓宽度变化的改变量,非拔牙矫治时两种测量方法均可使用;拔牙、非拔牙都影响矫治前后上颌牙弓宽度的改变,且不会造成上颌前部牙弓缩窄,影响微笑美观。
  [关键词]正畸拔牙;牙弓宽度;腭皱测量法;模型测量
  [中图分类号]R783.5    [文献标志码]A    [文章编号]1008-6455(2020)02-0085-04
  Abstract: Objective  To compare the changes of maxillary arch width before and after treatment of tooth extraction and non-tooth extraction in orthodontic patients by palatal wrinkle measurement and traditional measurement, and to detect and compare the clinical effects of the two measurement methods. Methods  According to the standard selection of orthodontic patients into and out of 40, divided into two groups according to the tooth extraction way, tooth extraction group  and the tooth extraction group ,respectively, using traditional between teeth (C-C),(P-P) between premolar and molar buccal tip (M-M) between the width of the measurement method and in palatal wrinkle before (A) and (B) as the reference measurement method of buccal teeth width measurement before and after orthodontic treatment for maxillary dental arch width gypsum model. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software, and paired t-test was performed between the tooth extraction group (group 1) and the non-tooth extraction group , before and after correction, and P<0.05 was used to determine that the difference was statistically significant. Results  ①In the tooth extraction group, the change of arch width measured by palatal wrinkling method (A1) was significantly smaller than that measured by traditional method between c-c1, and the difference between the two groups before and after treatment was statistically significant. The change of the arch width of B1 with palatal wrinkle method was significantly greater than that between m-m1, and the difference before and after treatment and between groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). ②In the non-tooth extraction group, there was no significant difference between the changes in the maxillary arch width of B2 measured by the palatal wrinkle method and the changes in the arch width of m-m2 measured by the traditional method, and the differences before and after treatment and between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The changes in arch width of A2 measured by palatal wrinkle in non-tooth extraction group were not significantly different from the changes in arch width of c-c2 in the upper jaw measured by traditional method, and the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were statistically significant (P<0.05). ③After the end of orthodontic treatment, tooth extraction and non-tooth extraction were used for orthodontic treatment. In addition to the slight decrease in the intermaxillary molar width of the tooth extraction group obtained by traditional methods, the arch width of the maxillary teeth was increased. Conclusion  The two methods can be used to measure the change of arch width. The measurement method with palatal crease as the mark point in the treatment of tooth extraction is more able to reflect the change of arch width. The two methods can be used in the treatment of non-tooth extraction. Both tooth extraction and non-tooth extraction affect the change of maxillary arch width before and after correction, and will not cause the anterior maxillary arch narrowing, affecting the aesthetic smile.   Key words: orthodontic tooth extraction; arch width; palatal wrinkle measurement; models to measure
  在正畸治疗过程中,准确制定正畸治疗方案以及预期矫治结果,选择一种快速、准确的测量方法判断牙齿移动,以协助临床治疗尤为重要。以往研究认为头影叠加是判断牙齿移动的公认方法,但存在拍摄位置和角度差异,有学者[1]研究发现以腭皱为参照点测量牙齿的移动与X线头影测量的重叠得到的结果无统计学差异,能够可靠地评估牙齿的移动。Meyer等[2]也在研究中使用以腭皱为参考点的测量方法。本文着重比较用腭皱测量法与传统测量法测量正畸患者拔牙、非拔牙前后矫治治疗上颌牙弓宽度的改变量并进行分析,以确定两种测量方法在正畸临床工作中的应用效果。本文选择2017年1月-2018年1月笔者医院进行正畸矫治的40例患者,分析腭皱测量法与传统测量法对于矫治前后上颌牙弓宽度变化的数据,以期寻找一种有效简便的方法,提高临床工作效率,并真实反映牙齿移动量。
  1  材料和方法
  1.1 样本收集与筛选:选择2017年1月-2018年1月在潍坊医学院附属医院口腔正畸科完成正畸治疗的40例患者为研究对象,分为拔牙组与非拔牙组,其中拔牙组20例,男8例,女12例,年龄15~35岁,平均年龄(21.3±2.5)岁;非拔牙组20例,男9例,女11例,年龄15~33岁,平均年龄(21.2±1.8)岁。两组患者的一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。分别使用两种方法测量矫治前后上颌牙弓宽度变化。
  1.2 纳入及排除标准:纳入标准:①年龄≥15岁;②骨性Ⅰ类错牙合畸形(0.7°≤∠ANB≤4.7°);③牙齿发育正常, 第三磨牙未萌出或已拔除, 上頜牙列完整, 且无正畸治疗史和正颌手术史;④患者及其家属知情同意, 已签署知情同意书, 自愿配合本研究。排除标准:①存在多生牙、缺失牙者,有异位牙者;②合并遗传性或系统性疾病者;③前磨牙及磨牙牙齿扭转≥15°;④颌面部畸形、外伤;⑤有牙周炎病史及口呼吸不良习惯者。
  1.3 模型测量:测量患者治疗前后石膏模型,要求石膏模型牙列清晰完整,黏膜转折处清晰可见。在上下颌模型尖牙牙尖点,前磨牙颊尖点以及第一磨牙近中颊尖点做标记,用电子游标卡尺(精度0.01mm)和直尺测量以下指标,每个测量指标测量三次取平均值,均由一人完成。传统法(见图1):①尖牙间宽度(C-C):上颌双侧尖牙牙尖之间的距离;②前磨牙间宽度(P-P):上颌双侧前位前磨牙颊尖之间的距离;③磨牙间宽度(M-M):上颌双侧第一磨牙近中颊尖之间的距离。如果石膏模型存在牙尖损耗情况,则应以磨损处的中心位置为测量点[3-4]。腭皱法(见图2):采用腭皱襞作为参照点测量牙弓宽度,以确保正畸治疗前后测量在牙弓宽度的一致性,其中A是腭皱前宽度,位于切牙乳头的远中;B为腭皱后宽度,位于第三腭皱内侧,不在同一矢状位的以远中侧为测量位置。
  1.4 统计学分析:收集的数据采用SPSS 22.0软件分析,进行拔牙组与非拔牙组组间及矫治前后组内的配对t检验,以P<0.05有统计学意义。
  2  结果
  2.1 拔牙组中,腭皱法测得的牙弓宽变化量A1(0.27±0.30)明显小于传统法测得的C-C1间牙弓宽变化量(1.45±0.53),腭皱法B1牙弓宽度变化量(1.92±0.39)明显大于M-M1间牙弓宽度变化量(0.55±0.22)。
  2.2 非拔牙组中腭皱法测得的B2的上颌牙弓宽度变化量(1.92±0.79)与传统法测得的M-M2间牙弓宽度变化量(1.95±0.97)差异不大;非拔牙组中腭皱法测得的A2牙弓宽度变化量(1.59±0.66)与传统法测得的上颌C-C2牙弓宽度变化量(2.01±1.67)差异不大。
  2.3 正畸治疗结束后,采用拔牙、非拔牙矫治,除传统方法得到的拔牙组上颌磨牙间宽度轻微减少外,上颌牙弓宽度均增加。治疗前后与组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表 1~2。
  3   讨论
  牙弓宽度与微笑美学一直受到学者们的关注,多数学者认为拔牙矫治会引起牙弓缩窄,颊旁间隙的增大,进而影响正面微笑美观[5-7]。然而,Yan等[8-10]认为拔牙矫治对牙弓宽度大小的影响不具有统计学意义。本文采用两种方法对比了拔牙组和非拔牙组矫治后上牙弓前后部的宽度变化,结果表明,两种方法测得的拔牙组与非拔牙组矫治后的牙弓前部宽度均增加,这与多数学者[7-13]的研究结果一致,表明接受正畸治疗时,无论是否拔牙,均不会造成牙弓前部的缩窄,继而影响颊旁间隙的大小,影响微笑的魅力,并且拔牙矫治更有利于维持牙齿排列的稳定性,避免复发。
  正畸治疗前后,笔者需要对牙齿的位置及牙弓形态进行对比分析,但由于牙弓本身的弧形形态,通常将其转换为线性测量指标,以往对牙弓宽度的测量研究多使用尖牙间、前磨牙间或磨牙间牙尖宽度的测量[4,11,15-18],而近年来,Meyer 等提出过去对牙弓宽度的测量方法无法体现牙齿在颌骨矢状向变化而产生的牙弓宽度变化的影响。以腭皱为测量标志点的研究由来已久,从腭皱之间的相互运动关系到腭皱位置与牙齿移动关系,腭皱作为标志点逐渐被正畸医生所使用[19-22]。Hoggan等[1]对腭皱褶位置与牙齿移动关系的研究中发现,第三腭皱内侧端是评价磨牙和切牙运动的合适参考点,普盼军等[23]也在研究中以腭皱为参照点评估牙齿的移动。本研究中,在定位第三腭皱的同时,定位了腭皱前缘,即切牙乳头后缘,可以为牙弓前端宽度提供稳定的参考位置。
  本研究拔牙组中,传统法测得的C-C1变化量(1.45±0.53)明显大于腭皱法A1(0.27±0.30),并且传统法得到的矫治前后前磨牙间P-P1牙弓宽度变化最明显(4.74±0.51),这是因为,拔牙组患者一般存在较大的拥挤度,牙齿错位更加明显,传统法测量时以牙齿为基准,而尖牙与前磨牙在解除拥挤过程中向远中移动,在牙弓内位置变化大,占据了更宽的牙弓位置,引起牙弓宽度的明显增加;传统法得到的M-M1变化量(0.55±0.22)明显小于腭皱法B1(1.92±0.39)是因为磨牙的近中移动,引起了上颌磨牙间牙弓宽度的减小;非拔牙组患者使用两种测量方法得到的变化量差异不大,是因为非拔牙患者一般只存在轻度的拥挤,牙齿移动量比较小甚至位置不变。可见拔牙组患者在分析矫治前后牙弓宽度变化时使用腭皱法得到的数据更加稳定,更能体现真实的牙弓宽度变化。   研究表明[24],在上颌,牙齿扭转的好发部位主要是上颌中切牙和前磨牙。本研究测量牙弓宽度时选用了颊尖宽度的测量,对于扭转的牙齿,测量治疗前后上颌牙弓宽度的变化值时仍具有较大误差。前磨牙及磨牙近中扭转时占据较小的宽度值,相反,远中扭转的牙齿占据较大的宽度值,因此,本研究排除了牙齿扭转≥15°的牙齿,减小因牙齿过度扭转引起的实验值差距过大,但是对于矫治前后的变化值仍是有影响的,是本研究不足之处。
  牙弓宽度随着牙齿的萌出而发生变化,研究表明[12,25-27],10~15岁是牙弓宽度变化最明显的时期。本研究选取了大于15岁的患者,此类患者牙弓宽度变化基本恒定,治疗过程中牙弓宽度的变化为应用矫治而引起。应用传统法测量矫治前后牙弓宽度时,尤其是拔牙组患者矫治前后P-P1间颊尖宽度测量的牙弓宽度的变化量较大(4.74±0.51),明显大于以往研究[18],体现了传统法在测量拔牙矫治时牙弓宽度变化的局限性。此外,新测量技术的出现,如:结构光三维测量系统,激光全息干涉计量法等应用于口腔颌面部的测量应用,得到的数据将更加便捷准确。与牙弓宽度相关的因素还有基骨弓宽度[27]、颊倾角等,值得进一步探讨。
  综上所述,本研究结果提示以腭皱为标志点的测量方法在拔牙矫治中更能真实反映牙弓宽度变化的改变量,对于非拔牙矫治,两种测量方法均可使用。因此,进行正畸治疗的拔牙患者建议使用腭皱法测量牙弓宽度变化量,比传统测量方法更能准确反映牙齿在牙弓内的移动,且更加简单便捷。
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  [收稿日期]2019-09-09
  本文引用格式:李玉珍,王凡涛,宋岩,等.腭皱法与传统法比较正畸治疗前后上颌牙弓宽度变化的临床研究[J].中国美容医学,2020,29(2):85-88.
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