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单孔胸腔镜手术在结核性脓胸治疗中的应用

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  [摘要] 目的 探讨单孔胸腔镜手术治疗结核性脓胸的应用价值,并总结相关临床经验。 方法 回顾性分析我院胸外科2015年1月~2017年12月住院手术治疗的120例结核性脓胸患者。依据纳入、排除的相关标准,在知情同意下将纳入患者随机分为研究组(单孔胸腔镜手术组,60例)和对照组(传统开胸手术组,60例),比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、胸腔引流管时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症。 结果 两组患者围术期均无死亡病例,中转开胸3例,中转开胸率为5%(3/60)。单孔胸腔镜组与传统开胸组相比较,手术时间分别为(88.00±15.77)min、(87.52±15.66)min,术中出血量分别为(236.33±15.16)mL、(443.75±43.69)mL,术后引流量分别为(423.93±41.49)mL、(663.92±16.28)mL,胸腔引流管时间分别为(2.92±0.10)d、(4.35±1.44)d,术后住院时间分别为(11.50±2.51)d、(13.65±2.52)d,两组患者的术中出血量、术后引流量、胸腔引流管时间及术后住院时间相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。比较两组的手术时间,差异无統计学意义(P>0.05)。单孔胸腔镜组术后并发症的总的发生率为6.67%(4/60),传统开胸组术后并发症的总发生率为13.33%(8/60)。 结论 单孔胸腔镜手术治疗结核性脓胸创伤小、并发症少、住院时间短,患者恢复快,在临床应用中值得推广。但在临床实际中应根据患者病情合理选择手术方式。
  [关键词] 单孔胸腔镜;脓胸;结核性;手术
  [中图分类号] R521.7          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)04-0050-04
  
  Application of single-port thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of tuberculous empyema
  DENG Gaoyan   WANG Yongli   FAN Ming   HE Chao   WANG Xun   WU Yumei   SHI Zili
  Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha   410013, China
  [Abstract] Objective To investigate the application value of single-port thoracoscopic surgery for tuberculous empyema and to summarize relevant clinical experience. Methods 120 patients with tuberculous empyema who underwent surgical treatment from January 2015 to December 2017 in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the relevant criteria of inclusion and exclusion, the patients were randomLy divided into the study group (single-port thoracoscopic surgery group, 60 cases) and the control group (traditional thoracotomy group, 60 cases) with informed consent. Surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, chest drainage time, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications between two groups were compared. Results There were no deaths in the perioperative period, and 3 cases were converted to thoracotomy. The conversion rate of thoracotomy was 5%(3/60). In the single-port thoracoscopic surgery group and the traditional thoracotomy group, the operation time was (88.00±15.77) min and (87.52±15.66) min, respectively; the intraoperative blood loss was (236.33±15.16) mL and (443.75±43.69) mL, respectively; the post-drainage was (423.93±41.49) mL and (663.92±16.28) mL, respectively; the chest drainage time was(2.92±0.10)d,(4.35±1.44) d, respectively; the postoperative hospital stay was (11.50±2.51)d, (13.65±2.52)d. There were significant differences in the intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, chest drainage time and postoperative hospital stay(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the operation time between the two groups(P>0.05). The overall incidence of postoperative complications in the single-port thoracoscopic surgery group was 6.67%(4/60), and the overall incidence of postoperative complications in the traditional thoracotomy group was 13.33%(8/60). Conclusion Single-port thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of tuberculous empyema has less trauma, fewer complications, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery. It is worthy of promotion in clinical application. However, in clinical practice, the surgical method should be reasonably selected according to the patient's condition.   [Key words] Single-port thoracoscopy; Empyema; Tuberculosis; Surgery
  近年来,随着电视胸腔镜技术的日益成熟,其创伤小,恢复快,疗效确切,目前已广泛应用于胸部相关疾病的治疗中[1]。结核性脓胸因结核分枝杆菌或干酪样坏死物经各种途径进入胸腔而导致,Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期结核性脓胸进展将出现胸廓塌陷、畸形,影响美观,使部分患者丧失劳动能力,部分患者经单纯的内科治疗难以取得满意的疗效[2]。随着胸外科医师技术的进步,目前胸腔镜手术也逐渐应用于结核性脓胸的治疗[3]。本院自2015年1月开展单孔胸腔镜手术治疗结核性脓胸,已取得了良好的效果,为比较单孔胸腔镜手术治疗结核性脓胸的临床效果,本研究分析湖南省胸科医院胸外科120例接受手术治疗的结核性脓胸患者,对比分析单孔胸腔镜手术及传统开胸手术的临床效果,并将临床中的相关经验加以总结,现报道如下。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  本研究以2015年1月~2017年12月在本院外科住院行手术治疗的120例结核性脓胸患者为研究对象。依据纳入、排除的相关标准,在患者及家属知情同意下将纳入患者随机分为研究组(单孔胸腔镜手术组,60例)和对照组(传统开胸手术组,60例)。研究组中,男39例,女21例,年龄16~70岁,平均(46.31±3.52)岁。对照组中,男32例,女28例,年龄25~75岁,平均(48.28±2.81)岁。根据结核性脓胸的病变部位分为左侧结核性脓胸、右侧结核性脓胸,单孔胸腔镜组左侧病变29例,右侧病变31例。传统开胸组中左侧病变25例,右侧病变35例。结核性脓胸分期,Ⅰ期42例,Ⅱ期40例,Ⅲ期38例,两组患者脓胸分期、年龄等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
  1.1.1 纳入标准  (1)术前诊断为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期及Ⅲ期初期结核性脓胸,诊断符合美国胸科协会(ATS)发布的脓胸三期分期标准。(2)术前不能诊断为结核性脓胸,术后病理和(或)病原学诊断为结核性脓胸。(3)术前均接受“利福平+异烟肼+乙胺丁醇+吡嗪酰胺”方案规范化抗结核治疗超过6~8周。(4)单孔胸腔镜手术中转开胸纳入传统开胸手术组。
  1.1.2 排除标准  (1)术前诊断为结核性脓性,术后病理诊断为其他疾病的患者。(2)术后诊断为耐多药结核性脓胸。(3)其他手术方式如2孔或3孔胸腔镜手术。(4)并发其他疾病如合并活动性肺结核、恶性肿瘤等。(5)单孔胸腔镜手术中改为2孔或3孔胸腔镜手术。(6)胸腔镜辅助小切口手术。
  1.2 方法
  1.2.1 对照组  (1)对照组按传统开胸手术方式行脓胸病灶清除+胸膜剥离术。(2)术前准备:术前常规完善血常规、电解质、血气分析、肝肾功能、输血前四项、心电图、胸部CT、纤维支气管镜、腹部B超等检查,术前接受“利福平+异烟肼+乙胺丁醇+吡嗪酰胺”方案规范化抗结核治疗超过6~8周,经评估后无手术禁忌证。(3)手术方式:全麻双腔插管,单肺通气,健侧卧位或30°折刀位,切口位置根据术前胸部CT或胸腔彩超等取接近脓肿最深处做手术切口。手术切口长约10~25 cm,逐层切开各层组织进胸,置入肋骨撑开器,术中根据情况必要时延长切口,如肋间隙狭窄,必要时切除部分肋骨。沿包裹性脓腔边界仔细分离、剥除,直至脓腔胸膜返折处。如脓腔较大或位置较深,操作难度大,可先打开脓腔,清除脓腔内干酪样坏死物,再分离、剥除脓腔壁,必要时术中请麻醉医师膨肺配合。术中操作轻柔,尽可能剥除脏壁层胸膜纤维板,松解肺部粘连,使肺组织充分膨胀。肺表面破口予以缝扎止血或电凝止血,于脓腔最低处留置胸腔引流管1根,逐层关胸。(4)术后处理:术后予以“利福平+异烟肼+乙胺丁醇+吡嗪酰胺”方案规范化抗结核治疗9~12月。术后观察胸腔引流量,如术后引流多,予以使用止血药及输血等处理。当引流量少于200 mL时复查胸部CT或胸部X片,当胸腔引流量小于100 mL,肺复张良好后拔除胸腔引流管。
  1.2.2 研究组  (1)根据入选相关标准对研究组采用单孔胸腔镜手术行脓胸病灶清除+胸膜剥离术。(2)术前准备同对照组。(3)手术方式:全麻双腔插管,单肺通气,健侧卧位或30°折刀位,切口定位根据术前胸部CT或胸腔彩超等取接近脓肿最深处做手术切口。手术切口长约3~6 cm,逐层切开各层组织进胸,不使用肋骨撑开器,置入切口保护套,从操作口旁置入胸腔镜光源,全部手术过程在电视显示屏下进行,根据镜下情况仔细探查,沿包裹性脓腔边界仔细分离、剥除,直至脓腔胸膜返折处。如术中不慎打开脓腔,清除脓腔内干酪样坏死物,再分离、剥除脓腔壁脏壁層。如脓腔位置较深或位于重要神经、血管处,强行剥离容易导致大出血等严重并发症,使用胸腔钳或卵圆钳提起胸膜纤维板,再用电凝勾在胸膜纤维板表面行“#”切开,必要时术中请麻醉医师轻膨肺配合。术中如发现胸膜闭锁严重或出现大出血等可能导致严重后果的情况下选择中转开胸。尽可能剥除脏壁层胸膜纤维板,松解肺部粘连,严格止血,于操作孔较低处留置胸腔引流管1根,逐层关胸。(4)术后处理同对照组。
  1.3 观察指标
  统计两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、胸腔引流管时间、术后住院时间、围术期并发症,围术期并发症包括胸腔积液、肺不张、肺漏气、肺部感染、切口感染。
  1.4 统计学方法
  所有数据采用EXCEL表整理,相关数据采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行对比分析,计数资料用%表示,采用χ2检验。计量资料以(x±s)表示,主要比较样本进行正态性检验,计量资料采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 两组患者手术及术后相关指标比较
  两组患者均完成脓胸病灶清除手术,无围术期死亡病例,中转开胸3例,其中2例为术中出现大出血,1例为胸腔脏壁粘连严重,中转开胸率为5%(3/60)。术后病理结果均诊断为结核性脓胸。单孔胸腔镜组与传统开胸组的手术时间分别为(88.00±15.77)min、(87.52±15.66)min,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单孔胸腔镜组与传统开胸组的术中出血量分别为(236.33±15.16)mL、(443.75±43.69)mL,术后引流量分别为(423.93±41.49)mL、(663.92±16.28)mL,胸腔引流管时间分别为(2.92±0.10)d、(4.35±1.44)d,术后住院时间分别为(11.50±2.51)d、(13.65±2.52)d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。   [4] Biritwum RB,Minicuci N,Yawson AE,et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with frailty and disability in older adults from China,Ghana,India,Mexico,Russia and South Africa[J]. Maturitas,2016,91:8-18.
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  (收稿日期:2019-10-12)
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