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Galectin-3在评估冠状动脉疾病后心肌梗死发生和预后中的价值 

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   【摘要】 目的:探讨Galectin-3在評估冠状动脉疾病后心肌梗死发生和患者预后的中的价值。方法:收集2016年1月-2017年4月收治的不稳定型心绞痛患者50例(观察组)及稳定型CAD患者50例(对照组),观察两组体内Galectin-3的表达水平;再将观察组依据Galectin-3水平分为三组,分析Galectin-3与病变血管支数的相关性,随访观察各组心肌梗死发生率及预后情况。结果:观察组吸烟患者占比、糖尿病患者占比、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白及Galectin-3等指标均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着冠状动脉病变支数的增多,Galectin-3水平越高。≥3支血管病变患者Galectin-3水平均高于2支血管病变患者、1支血管病变患者,差异均有统计学意义(t=7.32、11.53,P<0.001);2支血管血管病变患者Galectin-3水平高于1支血管病变患者,差异有统计学意义(t=8.03,P<0.001)。>8.6 ng/ml组心肌梗死发生率均高于<6.6 ng/ml组、6.6~8.6 ng/ml组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。>8.6 ng/ml组死亡率均高于<6.6 ng/ml组、6.6~8.6 ng/ml组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:Galectin-3可作为一种评估冠状动脉疾病患者病情程度及预后的标记物,在临床上具有一定的应用价值。
   【关键词】 冠状动脉疾病 Galectin-3 心肌梗死 预后
   [Abstract] Objective: To explore the value of Galectin-3 in evaluating the occurrence and prognosis of myocardial infarction after coronary artery disease. Method: A total of 50 patients with unstable angina pectoris (the observation group) and 50 patients with stable CAD (the control group) in our hospital from January 2016 to April 2017 were collected. Then the observation group was divided into three groups according to the level of Galectin-3. The correlation between Galectin-3 and the number of vessel branches was analyzed, and the incidence of myocardial infarction and prognosis of each group were followed up. Result: The proportion of smoking patients, diabetes patients, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and Galectin-3 in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). As the number of coronary artery lesions increased, the higher the Galectin-3 level. The level of Galectin-3 of patients with ≥3 vascular lesions1 vascular lesion was higher than those of patients with 2 vascular lesions and 1 vascular lesion, the differences were statistically significant (t=7.32, 11.53, P<0.001), the Galectin-3 level of patients with 1 vascular lesion was higher than that of patients with 1 vascular lesion, the difference was statistically significant (t=8.03, P<0.001). The incidence of myocardial infarction in >8.6 ng/ml group was higher than those in <6.6 ng/ml group, 6.6-8.6 ng/ml group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The mortality rate in >8.6 ng/ml group was higher than that in <6.6 ng/ml group, 6.6-8.6 ng/ml group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Galectin-3 can be used as a marker to evaluate the severity and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease, and it has certain clinical application value.   
   冠状动脉疾病(coronary artery disease,CAD)是心脏病的主要类型,是由于血管内粥样斑块形成后,影响心脏供血、供氧引发多种生理损伤及临床症状,当供血量严重不足时可继续恶化造成心肌梗死,成为全球死亡的最主要原因[1-2]。最近一项研究表明,中国超过40%的死亡是由冠状动脉疾病或其并发症引起的[3]。随着现代社会的发展和人们饮食结构及生活方式的变化,冠状动脉疾病的发病率急剧增加。半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)是巨噬细胞和内皮衍生的介质,能够积极参与炎症细胞行为的许多方面的调节。目前数据表明,Galectin-3代表了炎症和纤维化之间的联系,可作为心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)患者炎症和心脏纤维化相关的生物标志物[4],且较高浓度的Galectin-3与HF事件和死亡风险增加有关[5-6]。Galectin-3作为动脉粥样硬化亚临床阶段的独立标志物的作用尚未得到明确认可,同时Galectin-3在判断心肌梗死患者预后中的作用是值得商榷的。本研究通过对比分析冠心病不同严重程度患者体内Galectin-3水平,并随访观察Galectin-3与心肌梗死发病率和患者预后情况,为冠状动脉疾病的监测及治疗提供理论依据,具体如下。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
   选择2016年1月-2017年4月收治的不稳定型心绞痛患者50例(观察组)及稳定型心绞痛患者50例(对照组)。纳入标准:年龄18~75岁,并完成冠状动脉造影确诊。排除标准:(1)患有心源性休克或急性心力衰竭;(2)因各种原因无法配合研究。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。本研究已获得患者及家属的知情同意,并通过医院伦理委员会审核通过。
  1.2 方法
   所有患者均完成冠状动脉造影检查确诊,并详细记录两组患者是否有吸烟史、糖尿病史、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白及Galectin-3情况,并对患者进行比较。入院24 h内抽取静脉血检测Galectin-3及其他常规血液指标,包括低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白,并应用全自动分析仪对血液指标水平进行分析。
  1.3 观察指标
   依据Galectin-3水平将50例不稳定型心绞痛患者分为<6.6 ng/ml组(n=15)、6.6~8.6 ng/ml组(n=15)、>8.6 ng/ml组(n=20),对以上患者进行为期2年随访,观察患者心肌梗死发病率及预后情况。
  1.4 统计学处理
   本研究采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;计数资料采用率(%)表示,两组间比较采用字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 两组相关资料对比
   观察组吸烟患者占比、糖尿病患者占比、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白及Galectin-3等指标均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
  2.2 观察组不同冠状动脉病变支数与Galectin-3的关系
   随着冠状动脉病变支数的增多,Galectin-3水平越高,≥3支血管病变患者Galectin-3水平高于2支血管病变患者、1支血管病变患者,差异均有统计学意义(t=7.32、11.53,P<0.001);2支血管血管病变患者Galectin-3水平高于1支血管病变患者,差异有统计学意义(t=8.03,P<0.001),见表3。
  2.3 不同Galectin-3水平下心肌梗死发生率比较>8.6 ng/ml组心肌梗死发生率高于<6.6 ng/ml组、6.6~8.6 ng/ml组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。
  2.4 不同Galectin-3水平下患者死亡率比较 >8.6 ng/ml组心肌梗死发生率高于<6.6 ng/ml组、6.6~8.6 ng/ml组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表5。
  3 讨论
   近些年来,随着人们生活水平的不断提高及饮食结构变化的变化,全球因CAD死亡人数占总死亡人数的1/3,且发病率依旧呈现上升趋势[7]。尽管医疗技术的提高降低了CAD相关并发症的发病率,但其高的致殘率及病死率严重威胁着人们的健康,依旧是全社会面对的主要公共卫生问题之一。冠状动脉疾病的临床表现可从无症状到严重的不稳定性心绞痛再到心肌梗死,心血管疾病造成的相关症状及死亡可导致患者出现抑郁、焦虑等严重的精神疾病,严重影响着患者的心理健康及生活质量,成为患者预期寿命缩短的主要原因[8]。然而目前的方式对CAD结局的预测能力有限,仍缺乏对冠状动脉疾病进展及预后评估的特异性标记物,给患者的病情评估及治疗带来不便。
   半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)是半乳糖凝集素家族成员之一,是一种结合β-半乳糖苷的凝集素,具有≥1个进化保守的碳水化合物识别结构域。Galectin-3主要位于细胞质中,可以穿梭进入细胞核也能够分泌到细胞外,包括血清和尿液在内的生物体液中。Galectin-3它在许多生物活动中起重要作用,包括细胞生长、细胞凋亡、前mRNA剪接、分化、转化、血管生成、炎症、纤维化和免疫等[9]。许多先前研究表明,在心脏病、肾病、肝病及感染等各种类型的疾病中观察到Galectin-3表达水平的增加或降低,同时与患者疾病的严重程度及预后状况具有一定的相关性,因此Galectin-3可用作某些类型的心脏病、肾病和癌症的诊断或预后生物标志物[10-12]。本研究显示,Galectin-3与冠状动脉疾病的发病及病变血管数具有密切的关系,随着冠状动脉疾病的严重程度及病变血管数目的增高,Galectin-3的血清浓度水平也逐渐增高。在患有冠状动脉疾病的患者中,血清半乳糖凝集素-3水平与冠状动脉疾病严重程度呈显著正相关,血清galectin-3水平升高反映了程度增加心肌纤维化[13]。有研究显示,Galectin-3的体内表达水平与心力衰竭等心血管疾病的预后具有一定的相关性,然而其预测能力有待进一步证实[14-15]。本研究显示,随着患者体内Galectin-3水平的升高,患者的死亡率呈上升趋势,Galectin-3的水平与患者病情的严重程度具有相关性,Galectin-3水平越高代表患者心肌重塑及炎性细胞浸润越严重,发生不良事件的概率明显提高。Perea等[16]学者认为,galectin-3表达水平升高与住院期间新发房颤(AF)的发生率较高有关,并且是首次患者30 d主要不良临床结果的最有效独立预测因素。因此,Galectin-3可作为一种评估冠状动脉疾病患者病情程度及预后情况的标记物,在临床上具有一定的应用价值。    綜上所述,本研究证实了Galectin-3血清水平与冠状动脉疾病患者的疾病严重程度具有一定的相关性,高水平的Galectin-3表达代表着患者的预后不良,Galectin-3在冠状动脉疾病的诊断、预后评估及靶点治疗中具有一定的应用价值。
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  (收稿日期:2019-11-21) (本文編辑:马竹君)
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