国产雷帕霉素与依维莫司或佐他莫司药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉左主干开口及体部病变效果比较
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[摘要]目的 比较国产雷帕霉素与依维莫司或佐他莫司药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉左主干开口及体部病变的效果。方法 选取本院2014年5月~2015年12月收治的44例冠状动脉左主干开口及体部病变行药物洗脱支架介入治疗的患者作为研究对象,按支架的类型分为国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架组(雷帕霉素支架组,FIREWARK、NANO)16例和依维莫司或佐他莫司药物洗脱支架组(依维莫司、佐他莫司支架组,Promus element、Xince V、Resolute)28例并随访观察。对比两组的心因性死亡(无明确的其他原因的死亡)情况,靶血管血运重建的事件发生率。结果 所有患者平均随访33个月,雷帕霉素支架组的事件发生率为6.25%,依维莫司、佐他莫司支架组的事件发生率为7.14%,两组的事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.01,P=0.922)。结论 国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架治疗左主干开口及体部病变的效果不劣于依维莫司或佐他莫司药物洗脱支架。
[关键词]经皮冠状动脉介入;雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架;依维莫司及佐他莫司藥物洗脱支架;冠状动脉左主干开口及体部病变
[中图分类号] R543.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)5(c)-0051-04
[Abstract] Objective To compare the effect of domestic Rapamycin and Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents in the treatment of left main coronary artery opening and body lesions. Methods All of 44 patients with left main coronary artery ostium and body lesions treated with drug-eluting stent in our hospital from May 2014 to December 2015 were selected as the study subjects, according to the type of stents, they were divided into domestic Rapamycin drug-eluting stents group (Rapamycin stent group, FIREWARK, NANO, n=16) and Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents group (Ivermus, Zotamos stent group, n=28) and patients were followed-up and observed. The incidence of cardiogenic death (death without definite other causes) and target vessel revascularization were compared between the two groups. Results All patients were followed up for an average of 33 months. The incidence of events was 6.25% in Rapamycin stent group and 7.14% in Everolimus and Zotamos stent group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of events between the two groups (χ2=0.010, P=0.922). Conclusion The effect of domestic Rapamycin drug-eluting stents in the treatment of left main opening and body lesions is not inferior to that of Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents.
[Key words] Percutaneous coronary intervention;Rapamycin drug-eluting stents; Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents; Left main coronary artery opening and body lesions
冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)一直以来是治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病左主干病变的首选方法[1-4],随着医疗器械的进步,以及术者技术和对病变认识的不断提高,越来越多的左主干病变患者进行了经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)。目前,随机对照临床研究显示,药物洗脱支架在经选择的无保护左主干患者中的疗效不劣于CABG。相关指南对无保护左主干介入治疗进行推荐:根据Syntax评分,低危为Ⅰ类推荐,中危为Ⅱa类推荐,高危为Ⅲ类推荐[5]。近期的左主干介入治疗的临床试验主要应用新一代的药物洗脱支架,包括依维莫司及佐他莫司药物洗脱支架。而国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架也被广泛应用于临床,其安全性及有效性已经得到证实[6],但目前仍缺乏在低危无保护左主干病变治疗中的相关临床证据。因此,本研究拟通过回顾性分析我院左主干开口及体部病变经冠脉介入治疗的患者,评价国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架在此类病变中的临床效果。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料 收集2014年5月~2015年12月于本院住院的左主干开口及体部病变且行药物洗脱支架介入治疗的患者,按照不同支架种类分为国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架组(雷帕霉素支架组,FIREWARK、NANO)和依维莫司或佐他莫司药物洗脱支架组(依维莫司、佐他莫司支架组,Promus element、Xince V、Resolute)并随访观察。所有研究对象知情同意手术并签署知情同意书。本研究已经我院医学伦理委员会批准。纳入标准:介入指征显示左主干直径狭窄>70%,或50%<直径狭窄<70%且有临床缺血的证据。排除标准:既往接受过左主干介入治疗的患者,或急性STEMI行急诊介入治疗的患者。本研究共纳入44例患者,雷帕霉素支架组16例,依维莫司、佐他莫司组28例。其中,雷帕霉素支架组:平均年龄为(69.4±8.9)岁;男女比例为12∶4;伴有高血压疾病者10例,糖尿病疾病者7例,既往有过PCI术史者3例;肌酐值为(102.04±58.05)μmol/L,左室射血分数为(54.4±5.46)%;有多支病变者15例。依维莫司、佐他莫司组患者的平均年龄为(65.5±11.3)岁,男女比例为23∶5,伴有高血压疾病者20例,糖尿病疾病者7例,既往有过PCI术史者5例;肌酐值为(85.99±23.98)μmol/L,左室射血分数为(56.6±4.02)%;有多支病变者26例。两组患者的性别、年龄,既往病史(高血压、糖尿病、既往PCI史)肾功能及多支病变所占比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2手术过程
两组患者术前均常规服用阿司匹林100 mg/d,氯吡格雷75 mg/d或替格瑞洛180 mg/d。如果术前服用氯吡格雷<4 d者,则追加负荷剂量300 mg/d。实施手术时,首先穿刺血管使导管在血管中前行,到达冠状动脉开口处,然后用特殊的传送系统将支架输送到需要安放的部位进行放置、最后撤出导管。围术期抗凝:两组患者术中应用普通肝素100 U/kg进行抗凝,术后是否需要应用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂及肝素则由术者决定。其中,雷帕霉素、依維莫司或佐他莫司涂层支架的选择由术者及家属共同决定。所有患者术后氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛至少应用1年,阿司匹林如无禁忌需长期应用。
1.3观察指标及评价标准
术后通过电话随访或门诊随访获得随访数据,并建议术后1年复查冠脉造影。分别比较两组患者发生的心因性死亡(无明确的其他原因的死亡)情况和血运重建率。
1.4统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0软件分析数据,计量资料以均数±平均差(x±s)表示,采用t检验;计数资料以百分率表示,采用Kaplan-meier方法绘制累计事件曲线,Long-rank检验两组间的事件发生率,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
所有患者平均随访33个月[四分位距(IQR,interquartile range):24.5~38.5个月]。在随访期间,雷帕霉素组有1例患者在术后8个月时失访,1例在术后12个月时死亡,事件发生率为6.25%;依维莫司、佐他莫司药物洗脱支架组1例患者在1月时失访,1例在术后6个月死亡,1例在术后24个月进行靶血管血运重建,事件发生率为7.14%。经统计学分析,Log-rank检验对两组事件发生率进行检验,两组的事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.01,P=0.922)(表1、图1)。
3讨论
本研究显示,国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架治疗低危的无保护左主干病变安全可行,平均随访33个月时事件发生率为6.25%,低于Guo等[7]报道的约10%的主要心血管不良事件发生率,这可能与本研究事件未包括卒中因素有关。对于左主干病变,CABG治疗效果优于药物治疗,指南的推荐为Ⅰ类推荐[8]。近期1项研究显示,采用新一代的药物洗脱支架治疗经选择的无保护左主干病变(Syntax评分<32分)中除发生较高的血运重建率之外,长期效果与CABG类似[9],且PCI治疗左主干开口及体部病变,较治疗左主干分叉病变有较好的临床效果[10-11],其目前指南推荐为Ⅰ类[5]或Ⅱa类[12]。
本研究结果显示,国产雷帕霉素药物涂层支架在治疗左主干开口及体部病变效果不劣于依维莫司及佐他莫司药物涂层支架。近期也有研究对比了不同药物涂层支架治疗冠心病的效果,但结果并不一致。Kandzari 等[13]对比了佐他莫司和雷帕霉素药物涂层支架的5年随访结果,显示靶病变与靶血管血运重建,以及支架内血栓发生率相似。Wijns等[14]研究佐他莫司和雷帕霉素药物涂层支架4年随访结果,结果显示在随访3年时,已明确或可能的支架内血栓,但死亡及心肌梗死的复合终点无差异;4年随访时,依维莫司或佐他莫司药物洗脱支架的主要终点事件发生率为1.6%,低于雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架的2.6%[HR=0.63,95%CI:0.46~0.85,P=0.003]。Fan等[15]纳入7个对照研究共5983例的荟萃分析显示,在12个月随访时与雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架比较,佐他莫司药物洗脱支架显著减少主要心血管不良事件和靶病变重建,靶血管重建和支架内血栓以及心因性死亡无明显差别。
国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架是新一代的钴铬合金可降解多聚物支架,不仅采用了聚丙交酯作为多聚物,其在结构上也做了大量改进。如在支架梁的管壁侧雕刻深约30 μm的沟槽,包含有抗增殖药物的多聚物填充沟槽,于9个月左右聚合物就可完全降解[16]。在临床应用方面,TARGET Ⅰ研究[17]显示,在治疗冠心病原发病变中,9个月随访时支架内晚期管腔丢失率不劣于依维莫司药物洗脱支架;TARGET 5年随访研究[17]显示,在治疗中等复杂的冠心病原位病变时,与依维莫司药物洗脱支架相比,雷帕霉素药物涂层支架具有更加持久的安全性和有效性。而且,其5年的靶病变重建率无明显差异,这也为新一代国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架在治疗冠脉简单病变和中等复杂病变中提供了理论依据及数据支持。 綜上所述,PCI治疗Syntax评分低危的无保护左主干开口及体部病变已经得到相关指南的推荐,且国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架在此类病变中的治疗效果不劣于依维莫司及佐他莫司药物洗脱支架。
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(收稿日期:2019-02-13 本文編辑:许俊琴)
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