单支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈治疗椎基底动脉夹层动脉瘤
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【摘要】 目的:探讨单支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈治疗椎基底动脉夹层动脉瘤(vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms,VBDAs)的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月-2017年6月笔者所在医院收治的26例VBDAs患者的临床资料。26例VBDAs患者均行单支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞治疗,术后行影像学及临床随访。结果:术后即刻造影结果显示,完全栓塞19例,次全栓塞4例,部分栓塞3例。术中无操作相关并发症发生,术后3例出现并发症。26例患者术后临床随访平均(13.3±7.8)个月,造影显示治愈21例,改善1例,稳定2例,复发2例,随访mRS评分0~2分25例,3~6分1例。结论:采用单支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈治疗椎基底动脉夹层动脉瘤安全有效。
【关键词】 椎基底动脉夹层动脉瘤 血管内治疗 水凝胶弹簧圈 单支架辅助
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the clinical outcomes of single-stent assisted hydrogel-coated coils treatment for vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms (VBDAs). Method: A retrospective analysis of 26 patients with VBDAs admitted to hospital from January 2013 to June 2017. All VBDA patients were treated with single-stent assisted hydrogel-coated coils embolization, then postoperative angiographic and clinical follow-up were done. Result: Immediate postoperative angiography revealed that the endovascular treatment achieved complete embolization in 19 cases, subtotal embolization in 4 cases, and partial embolization in 3 cases. No operation-related complications occurred during endovascular treatment, however, 3 patients suffered post-operative complications. The average clinical follow-up period of 26 patients was (13.3±7.8) months. 21 cases were cured, 1 case was improved, 2 cases were stable, 2 cases had recurrence. The follow-up mRS score was 0-2 points in 25 cases and 3-6 points in 1 case. Conclusion: Single-stent assisted hydrogel-coated coils for the endovascular treatment of VBDAs are safe and effective.
[Key words] Vertebral-basal artery dissection aneurysm Endovascular treatment Hydrogel-coated coil Single-stent assisted
First-author’s address:Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen 361015, China
椎基底動脉夹层动脉瘤(vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms,VBDAs)多发于30~50岁,是由于血液通过破损的动脉内膜进入血管壁,导致血管壁剥离分层形成壁间血肿,造成管腔动脉瘤样扩张[1-2]。根据夹层部位,VBDAs可分为外膜下型和内膜下型:外膜下型VBDAs可因为血管壁外膜破裂导致致死性的蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH);内膜下型VBDAs可由于假腔不断增大压迫真腔,导致血管狭窄或闭塞,产生缺血性症状[3-4]。VBDAs是中青年患者自发性SAH和后循环缺血性卒中的重要原因。VBDAs位置较深,靠近脑干,周围有许多重要的神经和血管分支,开颅手术难度较大,且并发症发生率较高,是神经外科的一大难题[5]。近年来,随着神经介入的飞速发展,血管内治疗已被公认是治疗VBDAs的首选方法[6]。现回顾性分析笔者所在医院2013年1月-2017年6月应用单支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈(hydrocoil embolic system,HES)治疗的26例VBDAs患者的临床及随访资料,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析笔者所在医院2013年1月-2017年6月收治的26例VBDAs患者。入选标准:(1)全部病例均行全脑血管造影明确诊断为VBDAs;(2)采用单支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤且水凝胶弹簧圈(HES)数量超过弹簧圈总量的50%;(3)临床及随访资料完整。排除标准:病情危重(Hunt-Hess分级>3级)。年龄37~66岁,平均(50.7±12.3)岁,男11例,女15例。未破裂动脉瘤22例,其中头颈痛11例,后循环缺血表现7例,临床症状轻微或无症状4例;破裂动脉瘤4例,其中Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。动脉瘤最大径6~23 mm,平均(10.6±3.5)mm。位于基底动脉5例,累及小脑前下动脉2例;位于椎动脉19例,累及小脑后下动脉5例;位于椎-基底动脉结合部2例。 1.2 方法
手术在气管插管全身麻醉下进行,Seldinger技术穿刺右侧股动脉,置入6F血管鞘,常规行全脑血管造影,评估颅内外血管情况,包括通路情况、椎基底动脉供血情况、夹层动脉瘤部位、是否累计重要分支、后交通动脉代偿情况等。全身肝素化,6F导引导管置于患侧或优势侧椎动脉V2段远端,旋转造影并三维重建,选择合适工作角度,测量动脉瘤大小、累计血管长度、载瘤动脉远近端血管直径,选择合适支架及弹簧圈。支架微导管在微导丝导引下超选并置于夹层远端相对正常血管处;微导管在微导丝配合下超选入动脉瘤内,于动脉瘤腔内填入部分弹簧圈,释放支架完全覆盖动脉瘤及病变血管,继续填入栓塞弹簧圈(多数选择HES),最后以水凝胶弹簧圈(Hydrosoft)收尾,复查造影明确栓塞程度、载瘤动脉及受累分支通畅情况。
1.3 围手术期处理
非破裂动脉瘤患者术前口服双联抗血小板药(阿司匹林100 mg/d,波立维75 mg/d)3~5 d;破裂出血患者于术中支架置入前静脉推注盐酸替罗非班注射液(10 μg/kg,3 min内推完),而后以0.1 μg/(kg·min)速率维持36 h,与双联抗血小板药(阿司匹林 100 mg/d,波立维75 mg/d)重叠使用6 h后停用替罗非班;术后继续双联抗血小板6周后,改成阿司匹林100 mg/d或波立维75 mg/d终身服用。
1.4 观察指标及评价标准
根据术后即刻造影结果分为:完全栓塞,动脉瘤腔内造影剂完全不显影;次全栓塞,动脉瘤腔内大部分不去显影;部分栓塞,动脉瘤腔仍显影,仅部分栓塞。以围手术期并发症发生率评价治疗安全性。术后临床随访3~18个月,平均(13.3±7.8)个月,均复查脑血管造影对比术后即刻影像,分为:治愈,动脉瘤完全不显影;改善,瘤腔显影减少;稳定,与术后即刻比较无明显变化;复发,瘤腔内对比剂显影增加。随访改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评价临床预后,0~2分表示预后良好,3~6分表示预后不良。
2 结果
26例VBDAs患者均采用单支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,所用填塞弹簧圈大部分(>50%)为水凝胶弹簧圈(HES)。术后即刻造影结果显示,完全栓塞19例,次全栓塞4例,部分栓塞3例。围手术期无术中破裂出血病例,无死亡病例。术后发生并发症3例,均予对症治疗后好转。随访造影显示治愈21例,改善1例,稳定2例,复发2例,随访mRS评分0~2分25例,3~6分1例,具体数值见表1。
3 讨论
VBDAs按病理机制不同分为内膜下型和外膜下型,内膜下型患者系血液通过破口进入血管内膜与中膜之间,形成假腔,压迫真腔,致血管狭窄或闭塞,造成脑干或小脑梗死;外膜下型系壁间血肿位于外膜与中膜之间,血肿持续增大,可产生占位效应,或者外膜破裂出血[1]。对于VBDAs的治疗,主要包括药物治疗、外科手术及血管内介入治疗。药物治疗(抗血小板)对于部分内膜下型VBDAs是有效的[7-8]。然而,对于破裂出血起病的VBDAs,或药物治疗无效的VBDAs,则需要进一步干预。由于VBDAs解剖位置特殊,手术暴露困难,动脉瘤无明确瘤颈,多伴有管腔广泛梭形扩张,且常有重要穿支动脉发自动脉瘤,手术难度大、风险高,外科手术已非首选。随着介入材料不断更新及治疗技术进步,以重建血管真腔、闭塞夹层假腔、改变夹层动脉瘤血流动力学、预防动脉瘤破裂出血为目的的血管内介入已成为VBDAs的首要治疗手段[6, 9]。
支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞是目前最常用于治疗VBDAs的技术。通过径向支撑力使支架贴敷受损的内膜,保护真腔,重建血流。在支架保护下,动脉瘤内进行弹簧圈栓塞,可改变瘤体内血流动力学,促进假腔内血栓形成,预防动脉瘤破裂,降低复发率[10]。目前常通过多支架重叠释放,增加支架金属覆盖率,使支架发挥更好的血流导向作用,并促进支架内膜化,提高治愈率[11]。
本研究病例全部采用了单支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞技术治疗VBDAs,所用弹簧圈多为第二代电解水凝胶弹簧圈(Hydrosoft,HydroFrame;MicroVention Inc)。水凝胶弹簧圈为一种独特的铂金和会膨胀的水凝胶聚合物结合的弹簧圈,一旦接触血液,水凝胶发生膨胀,体积可达原来的2.3~4.1倍。White等[12]研究报道,对比铂金弹簧圈,血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤使用水凝胶弹簧圈,所用弹簧圈总长度更短,栓塞密度更高,瘤体残留更少,复发率更低,预后更好,以及血栓事件发生率更低。Brinjikji等[13]研究报道,使用Hydrosoft弹簧圈治疗颅内动脉瘤完全闭塞率可达88%,主要并发症发生率仅为1.8%。Taschner等[14]研究报道,第二代水凝胶弹簧圈在安全性方面与铂金弹簧圈相当,所用弹簧圈更少的情况下栓塞密度却更高,同时还能够减少不良预后的发生率。
本研究选择改良Rankin量表(mRS)作为主要疗效评价指标[15-16]。本组患者随访造影显示治愈21例(80.8%),改善1例(3.8%),稳定2例(7.7%),仅2例(7.7%)复发,需要再次治疗;mRS评分≤2分25例,≥3分仅1例(该患者术前mRS即为3分),其结果证明水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞VBDAs是安全有效的。笔者个人体会:(1)避免多支架重叠释放,降低操作难度,减少操作相关并发症发生率;(2)第二代水凝胶弹簧圈更柔软,操作更安全,栓塞密度更高,能够有效降低复发率;(3)弹簧圈及支架使用量减少,节省费用。
综上所述,單支架辅助水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞VBDAs安全可靠,能够提高治愈率,减少复发率,并降低手术费用。
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(收稿日期:2019-06-10) (本文編辑:马竹君)
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