您好, 访客   登录/注册

糖类抗原19-9、甲胎蛋白及癌胚抗原在原发性肝癌诊断中的价值研究 ??

来源:用户上传      作者:

   【摘要】 目的:探讨糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)及癌胚抗原(CEA)在原发性肝癌(PLC)诊断中的价值。方法:选取2018年9月-2019年7月笔者所在医院收治的PLC患者50例作为观察组,另选取同时期于医院体检的健康人群50例作为对照组。采用化学发光法检测血清CA19-9、血清CEA水平、血清AFP水平。对比两组上述指标差异,并采用SPSS软件分析血清CA19-9、血清CEA、血清AFP水平单独及联合诊断PLC的效能。结果:观察组血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平单独诊断PLC的Kappa值由高到低依次为AFP(0.560)、CA19-9(0.540)、CEA(0.400),但均低于三者联合診断的Kappa值(0.800)。血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平单独诊断PLC的Youden指数由高到低依次为AFP(0.560)、CA19-9(0.540)、CEA(0.400),但均低于三者联合诊断的Youden指数(0.800)。结论:血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平均对PLC的诊断具有一定的价值,但三者联合诊断效能更高,可作为临床诊断PLC的指标。
   【关键词】 原发性肝癌 糖类抗原 甲胎蛋白 癌胚抗原 诊断价值
   [Abstract] Objective: To investigate the value of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer (PLC). Method: From September 2018 to July 2019, 50 patients with PLC in our hospital were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy people in the same period in our hospital were selected as the control group. Serum CA19-9, serum CEA and serum AFP levels were detected by chemiluminescence method. The differences of the above indexes were compared between the two groups. SPSS software was used to analyze the serum CA19-9, serum CEA, serum AFP levels and the efficacy of combined diagnosis of PLC. Result: The serum levels of CA19-9, CEA and AFP in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The Kappa values of serum CA19-9, CEA and AFP levels from high to low were AFP (0.560), CA19-9 (0.540), CEA (0.400), but they were lower than the Kappa value of the combined diagnosis (0.800). The Youden index of serum CA19-9, CEA, and AFP in the diagnosis of PLC from high to low were AFP (0.560), CA19-9 (0.540), CEA (0.400), but they were lower than the Youden index of the combined diagnosis (0.800). Conclusion: Serum CA19-9, CEA and AFP levels have certain value for the diagnosis of PLC, but the combination of the three is more effective and can be used as an indicator for clinical diagnosis of PLC.
  
   原发性肝癌(primary liver cancer,PLC)是消化系统常见恶性肿瘤,也是第三位致死肿瘤,严重影响着患者的健康[1]。对PLC的早期诊断,有助于提高其疗效,也是延长PLC患者生存率的重要手段[2]。目前,血清甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)和肝脏影像学检查是高危人群早期筛查的主要手段[2-3]。但仍有部分PLC患者血清AFP呈低水平,进而导致误诊、漏诊。此外,对于缺乏典型影像学特征的患者,肝穿刺活检可获得准确的病理结果,但该方法为有创检查,较难应用于大范围筛查[4]。由此可见,寻求一种简便、高效的诊断方法,已经成为目前亟待解决的问题。糖类抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen,CA19-9)是一种与胰腺癌有关的肿瘤标志物,同时也被发现在其他消化道恶性肿瘤及肺癌、卵巢癌中呈高表达[5-6]。与CA19-9类似,癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)是一种内胚叶起源的消化系统恶性肿瘤标志物[7-8]。尽管已有研究报道CA19-9、CEA可在一定程度上诊断PLC,但受人种、地域、检测方法影响,各文献报道不尽相同[9]。为了进一步探讨CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平在诊断PLC中的价值,充实研究结果,本文进行了如下研究。   1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
   选取2018年9月-2019年7月笔者所在医院收治的PLC患者50例作为观察组,另选取同时期于医院体检的健康人群50例作为对照组。PLC患者纳入标准:(1)病理检查结果证实为肝细胞癌;(2)年龄≥18岁;(3)临床资料完整。PLC患者排除标准:(1)存在其他部位恶性肿瘤;(2)存在免疫系统疾病、血液系统疾病及其他可能影响血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平改变;(3)接受放疗、化疗。健康人群纳入标准:年龄≥18岁。健康人群排除标准:同PLC患者排除标准。PLC患者男36例,女14例,年龄38~78岁,平均(52.62±9.79)岁。健康人群男35例,女15例,年龄32~75岁,平均(49.15±10.22)岁。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意義(P>0.05)。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准同意,研究对象对本次研究知情同意。
  1.2 方法
  1.2.1 血清CA19-9 于清晨,抽取所有研究对象肘静脉血5 ml,立即-4 ℃下,3 000 r/min(离心半径15 cm)下离心10 min,取上层血清,置于冰箱(-20 ℃)保存,严格按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。糖类抗原19-9定量检测试剂盒(化学发光法)(械准字2014第3405201号)购于罗氏诊断产品(上海)有限公司。
  1.2.2 血清CEA 方法同前,癌胚抗原定量检测试剂盒(化学发光法)(械准字2014第3404885号)购于罗氏诊断产品(上海)有限公司。
  1.2.3 血清AFP 方法同前,甲胎蛋白定量检测试剂盒(化学发光法)(械准字2014第3404874号)购于罗氏诊断产品(上海)有限公司。
   根据试剂盒说明,以血清CA19-9>37.00 U/ml记为阳性,CEA>4.70 ng/ml记为阳性,AFP>30.00 ng/ml记为阳性。
  1.3 观察指标
   比较观察组及对照组CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平,依据文献[10]计算各指标诊断PLC效能并进行比较。灵敏度=真阳性/(真阳性+假阴性)×100%,特异度=真阴性/(真阴性+假阳性)×100%,准确度=(真阳性+真阴性)/(真阳性+真阴性+假阳性+假阴性),漏诊率=假阴性/(真阳性+假阴性),误诊率=假阳性/(假阳性+真阴性),阳性预测值=真阳性/(真阳性+假阳性)×100%,阴性预测值=真阴性/(真阴性+假阴性)×100%。
  1.4 统计学处理
   使用SPSS 20.0统计软件分析数据,符合正态分布的计量资料以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,以P<0.05为具有统计学意义。以分组依据为因变量,进行Kappa检验比较一致性,Kappa≥0.75视为诊断一致性极好,0.75>Kappa≥0.40视为诊断一致性一般,Kappa<0.40视为一致性较差[11]。以Youden指数评价诊断真实性,Youden指数越大,说明诊断真实性越好[12]。
  2 结果
  2.1 两组血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平比较
   观察组血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
  2.2 血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平诊断PLC效能比较
   血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平单独诊断PLC Kappa值由高到低依次为AFP(0.560)、CA19-9(0.540)、CEA(0.400),但均低于三者联合诊断Kappa值(0.800)。血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平单独诊断PLC Youden指数由高到低依次为AFP(0.560)、CA19-9(0.540)、CEA(0.400),但均低于三者联合诊断Youden指数(0.800),见表2、表3。
  3 讨论
   肿瘤标志物和影像学是诊断PLC的主要手段。目前AFP是临床用于诊断PLC的重要标志物之一,但据不同文献报道,20%~40% PLC患者血清AFP指标在正常范围内,另外,在某些非PLC肝脏疾病患者中,也有部分为AFP增高[13]。由此可见,单独依靠AFP诊断PLC的效能有限。CA19-9是一种黏蛋白,也是目前诊断胰腺癌敏感性最高的肿瘤标志物,但其诊断PLC的价值有限。CEA常用于结直肠癌的诊断,尽管有报道称部分PLC患者CEA表达异常,但尚不能将CEA单独作为诊断PLC的标志物[14]。多项研究已经证实,一种肿瘤标志物可在于不同恶性肿瘤内呈现高表达,而同一种恶性肿瘤内,也可出现多个高表达的肿瘤标志物[15]。因此,选取多个肿瘤标志物进行联合诊断,可增加单一标志物诊断效能低下的问题。
   既往已有研究尝试将血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平联合诊断PLC或者结直肠癌肝转移,但受人种、对照样本及检测方法不同的影响,结果不尽相同[16-17]。本研究结果显示,PLC患者血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平均高于同时期健康对照人群,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这一结果说明,从整体水平上看,PLC患者血清中上述肿瘤标志物均呈高表达。为了进一步分析血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP指标诊断PLC的效能,本研究根据检测试剂盒说明,将CA19-9>37.00 U/ml记为阳性,CEA>4.70 ng/ml记为阳性,AFP>30.00 ng/ml记为阳性,并将检测结果与病理结果进行对比,结果显示,血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平单独诊断PLC的效能有限,Kappa值由高到低依次为AFP、CA19-9、CEA,其中,血清AFP、CA19-9一致性一般,血清CEA一致性较差,而将三者联合进行诊断,其Kappa值则达到了0.800,一致性极好。此外,本研究还分析了上述三个指标诊断PLC的Youden指数,结果显示,清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平单独诊断PLC Youden指数由高到低依次为AFP、CA19-9、CEA,三者联合诊断的Youden指数为0.800,具有较好的诊断真实性。    综上所述,血清CA19-9、CEA、AFP水平均对PLC的诊断具有一定的价值,但三者联合诊断效能更高,可作为临床诊断PLC的指标。但同时也应认识到,血清标志物用于诊断恶性肿瘤,其诊断效能的验证,是需要大量临床样本的,本研究中100例样本稍显不足,这也是本研究的局限性。
  参考文献
  [1] Akinyemiju T,Abera S,Ahmed M,et al.The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015[J].JAMA Oncology,2017,3(12): 1683-1691.
  [2] Zhou J,Sun H C,Wang Z,et al.Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2017 edition)[J]. Liver Cancer,2018,7(3):235-260.
  [3] Jang J Y,Lee J S,Kim H J,et al.The general rules for the study of primary liver cancer[J].J Liver Cancer,2017,17(1):19-25.
  [4] Sia D,Villanueva A,Friedman S L,et al.Liver cancer cell of origin, molecular class, and effects on patient prognosis[J].Gastroenterology,2017,152(4):745-761.
  [5] Kamisawa T,Wood L D,Itoi T,et al.Pancreatic cancer[J].The Lancet,2016,388(10039):73-85.
  [6] Chen F,Shen J,Wang J,et al.Clinical analysis of four serum tumor markers in 458 patients with ovarian tumors: diagnostic value of the combined use of HE4, CA125, CA19-9, and CEA in ovarian tumors[J].Cancer Management and Research,2018,10(2):1313-1319.
  [7] Spindler B A,Bergquist J R,Thiels C A,et al.Incorporation of CEA improves risk stratification in stage II colon cancer[J].Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,2017,21(5):770-777.
  [8]刘兰凤,田斌,刘海燕,等.肿瘤标志物CEA、AFP、CA19-9和CA72-4的检测在消化系统恶性肿瘤中的应用[J].国际检验医学杂志,2017,38(5):596-597.
  [9] Edoo M I A,Chutturghoon V K,Wusu-Ansah G K,et al.Serum Biomarkers AFP, CEA and CA19-9 Combined Detection for Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma[J].Iranian Journal of Public Health,2019,48(2):314-317.
  [10]孟菁菁,贾建民.AFP-L3、Fer、TSGF联合检测对原发性肝癌的诊断价值[J].实用癌症杂志,2019,34(9):1402-1404.
  [11]龚信建,林晓春.电化学发光法检测消化道肿瘤 5 项标志物的诊断试验与评价[J].检验医学与临床,2017,14(17):2565-2567.
  [12]宋晓婷,国娇,谭顺顺,等.血清QSOX-1、GSN、AFP联合检测对原发性肝癌的诊断价值[J].山东医药,2018(8):54-56.
  [13] Notarpaolo A,Layese R,Magistri P,et al.Validation of the AFP model as a predictor of HCC recurrence in patients with viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis who had received a liver transplant for HCC[J].Journal of Hepatology,2017,66(3):552-559.
  [14] Yoshikawa M,Morine Y,Ikemoto T,et al.Elevated Preoperative Serum CEA Level Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition[J].Anticancer Research,2017,37(3):1169-1175.
  [15] Zhang B,Liang X L,Gao H Y,et al.Models of logistic regression analysis, support vector machine, and back-propagation neural network based on serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer diagnosis[J].Genet Mol Res,2016,15(2):150-162.
  [16]李嘉妍,宋金云,王建芳,等.AFP、CA19-9、CEA联合检测对原发性肝癌的早期诊断价值[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2017,33(7):1291-1295.
  [17] Li Y,Li D J,Chen J,et al.Application of joint detection of AFP, CA19-9, CA125 and CEA in identification and diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma[J].Asian pac J Cancer prev,2015,16(8): 3451-3455.
  (收稿日期:2019-10-18) (本文編辑:马竹君)
转载注明来源:https://www.xzbu.com/6/view-15181025.htm