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牙槽嵴顶入路治疗牙源性上颌窦炎及缺牙种植修复的临床效果

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  [摘要]目的 觀察牙槽嵴顶入路治疗牙源性上颌窦炎及缺牙种植修复的临床效果。方法 选取2015年1月~2017年12月我院收治60例牙源性上颌窦炎患者作为研究对象,采取随机数字表法将其分成对照组(30例)与实验组(30例)。对照组患者采取传统柯陆式手术治疗,实验组患者采取牙槽嵴顶入路治疗方法,两组患者术后均进行相应缺牙区域种植修复,并对两组患者进行有效期为18个月的随访。比较两组患者的手术情况、临床治疗总有效率、二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔率,随访期间牙源性上颌窦炎复发率,并在18个月时对患者种植修复牙相关问题进行评分。结果 实验组患者的术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间短于对照组,术后肿痛程度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组患者的治疗总有效率为96.67%,高于对照组的76.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组患者的二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔率为0.00%,低于对照组的13.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组患者在随访期间并无复发,而对照组患者在12、18个月随访时,各有1例复发,两组的牙源性上颌窦炎复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组患者的咀嚼功能、满意程度评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 对于牙源性上颌窦炎的治疗,采取牙槽嵴顶入路治疗方案并对相应区域进行缺牙种植修复后,可获得较好的临床治疗效果,减少二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔与术后复发,提高患者的咀嚼功能,效果理想。
  [关键词]牙槽嵴顶入路;牙源性上颌窦炎;相应区域;缺牙种植;治疗修复效果
  [中图分类号] R782.1          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)5(a)-0086-04
  Clinical effect of alveolar crest approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and missing teeth implant restoration
  MAO Jun-mu   LIU Xiao
  Department of Stomatology, Jiangmen Municipal Stomatological Hospital, Guangdong Province, Jiangmen   529000, China
  [Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical effect of alveolar crest approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and missing teeth implant restoration. Methods From January 2015 to December 2017, 60 patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis treated in our hospital were selected as research objects. They were divided into control group (30 cases) and experimental group (30 cases) according to the random number table method. The patients in control group were treated with traditional Caldwell-Luc operation, while those in experimental group were treated with alveolar crest approach. After the operation of two groups of patients, missing teeth implant restoration was performed in the corresponding area, and the effective follow-up period was 18 months for two groups of patients. The surgical conditions, total clinical effective rate of treatment, mucosal perforation rate of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation, and the recurrence rate of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis during follow-up in the two groups of patients were compared between the two groups, and the problems related to dental implant restoration at 18 months were scored. Results In the experimental group, the bleeding volume was less than that in the control group, the operation time was shorter than that in the control group, the postoperative swelling and pain score was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The total effective rate of treatment in the experimental group was 96.67%, which was higher than that in the control group accounting for 76.67%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The mucosal perforation rate of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation in the experimental group was 0.00%, which was lower than that of the control group (13.33%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no recurrence in the experimental group during the follow-up period, while in the control group, there was one case of recurrence at 12 and 18 months of follow-up respectively; there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis between the two groups (P>0.05). The chewing function and satisfaction scores of the patients in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion For the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, after adopting the treatment method of alveolar crest approach and implanting the missing teeth in the corresponding area, a better clinical treatment effect can be obtained, and reduce the perforation of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation and relapse after operation, improve the chewing function of the patients, and the effect is ideal.   [Key words] Alveolar crest approach; Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis; Corresponding areas; Missing teeth implant; Treatment and restoration effect
  因上颌窦底部与上颌磨牙的牙根毗邻,如牙疾未根治,易导致牙源性慢性上颌窦炎。Bauer教授于1943年提出的牙源性上颌窦炎(odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,OMS),以单侧居多,多为慢性炎症,也可急性发作,可伴有异常分泌物或鼻腔臭味,也有部分无明显症状[1-2]。最近研究表明[3-5],OMS在慢性上颌窦炎中占比高达30%~40%。既往治疗OMS多采取柯陆式(Caldwell-Luc)手术,术野较广且创伤较大,术后常有面部肿胀麻木等并发症,影响整体疗效。笔者发现,经由牙槽嵴顶入路进行治疗OMS的效果显著,且目前临床相关研究报道较少,因此,为明确治疗效果,为临床提供参考资料,将我院收治的OMS患者进行由牙槽嵴顶入路治疗并在相应区域进行缺牙种植修复,获得较好效果,现报道如下。
  1资料与方法
  1.1一般资料
  选取2015年1月~2017年12月我院收治60例OMS患者作为研究对象,采取随机数字表法将其分成对照组(30例)与实验组(30例)。对照组中,男17例(56.67%),女13例(43.33%);病程3.1~15.7个月,平均(6.2±0.7)个月;年龄29~63岁,平均(41.3±4.2)岁;患病部位:左侧11例(36.67%),右侧19例(63.33%)。实验组中,男16例(53.33%),女14例(46.67%);病程3.2~15.8个月,平均(6.5±0.6)个月;年龄29~65岁,平均(41.6±4.3)岁;患病部位:左侧12例(40.00%),右侧18例(60.00%)。两组患者的一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有患者知情同意并签署知情同意书,本研究在我院医学伦理委员会批准且在其监督下实施。
  纳入标准:因早起后有咸性分泌物,上頜后牙疼痛伴头部钝痛,早轻晚重于我院就诊;口腔检查可见患侧有无法保留的残冠、残根;经锥形束计算机断层摄影(CBCT)检查表现为上颌窦弥漫性阴影,患侧上颌后牙根尖和上颌窦相通或根尖破坏区累及上颌窦底,诊断为OMS;年龄≥18周岁;病程≥3个月;依从性较好。
  排除标准:CT检查仅为上颌窦黏膜增厚;合并凝血功能障碍或免疫性疾病;无种植牙修复需求者。
  1.2方法
  实验组患者采取牙槽嵴顶入路治疗方法,根据患者情况,拔除病源牙,彻底搔刮清理拔牙窝,将10 ml注射器通过拔牙窝插入上颌窦内,抽出脓液,生理盐水冲洗上颌窦,最后以盐酸米诺环素软膏(日本Sunstar INC公司,注册证号 H20150106,生产批号:20181203,规格:0.5 g)注入上颌窦内,根据患者愈合情况,1周后可再次经拔牙窝穿刺、冲洗并注入盐酸米诺环素软膏,直至症状消失而治愈。对照组患者采取柯陆式手术,通过尖牙窝凿开患侧上颌窦前外侧骨壁,观察窦腔内情况,刮出病变组织,以碘仿纱条填充窦腔,自鼻腔引出。术后均口服抗生素1周。3~4月个后根据患者情况进行相应区域缺牙种植并完成修复。
  1.3观察指标及评价标准
  比较两组患者的手术情况、临床治疗总有效率、二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜穿孔发生率,随访期间OMS复发率,并在18个月时对患者进行种植修复牙相关问题评分调查。手术情况主要包括术中出血量、手术时间、术后肿痛程度,其中术中出血量采取纱布称重法;术后肿痛程度采取我院自制量表,以0~10分评价,分数越高代表术后肿痛程度越重。临床治疗效果判断:临床症状消失,行CBCT检查见上颌窦口通畅,内无阴影,窦黏膜厚度<2 mm,与对侧健康侧上颌窦影像接近,无明显并发症为治愈;临床症状改善,CBCT检查见上颌窦口通畅,内少量阴影,窦黏膜厚度2~10 mm,轻度并发症为改善;症状稍减轻或基本存在,CBCT检查与治疗前无差异或差异不明显为无效。总有效=治愈+改善。在治疗后12、18个月均进行随访,统计期间上颌窦炎复发率。并在18个月时对患者种植修复牙相关问题进行评分调查,主要针对咀嚼功能、满意程度进行评分,每项分值分布0~5分,分数越高代表患者对咀嚼功能、满意程度越高。
  1.4统计学方法
  采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料采用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2结果
  2.1两组患者手术情况的比较
  实验组患者的术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间短于对照组,术后肿痛程度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1)。
  2.2两组患者临床治疗总有效率、二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔率的比较
  实验组患者的治疗总有效率为96.67%,高于对照组的76.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组患者的二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔率为0.00%,低于对照组的13.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2)。
  2.3两组患者随访期间OMS复发率的比较
  实验组患者在随访期间并无复发,而对照组患者在12、18个月随访时,各有1例复发,两组的OMS复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表3)。
  2.4两组患者随访18个月时种植修复牙相关问题评分的比较
  实验组患者的咀嚼功能、满意程度评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表4)。   3讨论
  上后牙和上颌窦之间关系密切,由于上颌窦持续气化使得牙根与上颌窦的关系复杂,临床中常遇到以下问题:一旦上颌后牙发生根尖病变,容易波及上颌窦,导致上颌窦的急慢性炎症;根管超充的材料容易进入上颌窦引起异物反应;拔牙过程中因操作不当导致感染扩散,增加了诱发上颌窦炎的风险等[7-8]。经牙槽嵴入路清创并冲洗引流,在手术过程中不需要大翻瓣,能够最大限度地保留上颌窦黏膜、上颌窦内神经、血管等重要解剖结构,有利于窦黏膜恢复抵御细菌的能力[9-11]。实验组使用以二甲胺四环素为主要成分的盐酸米诺环素软膏,为新型半合成四环素缓释剂,具有长效、抗菌活性强、抗菌谱广、易渗透、敏感性高、不良反应少等优点,抑制胶原酶活性,预防组织破坏,且具有较高的骨亲和力,使上颌窦黏膜再生及恢复能力增强,促进细胞附着与生长。而传统的柯陆手术须切除上颌窦部分前壁,并清除上颌窦病变黏膜,术中出血较多,可能损伤窦内重要神经血管分支[12]。Workman等[13]研究中对20例OMS患者经牙槽嵴顶入路进行冲洗、引流、抗炎治疗,同期或延期种植修复,经牙槽嵴顶入路治疗,治愈率为85%,种植修复后随访1年,效果良好。本研究中,实验组患者的术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间短于对照组,术后肿痛程度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组患者的治疗总有效率为96.67%,高于对照组的76.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组患者的二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔率为0.00%,低于对照组的13.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组患者的咀嚼功能、满意程度评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示采取牙槽嵴顶入路治疗OMS可明显减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间,减少术后肿痛,并获得较高的临床治愈率、总有效率。实验组与对照组相比,保留上颌窦黏膜的完整性,炎症愈合后发生窦黏膜与骨壁粘连的概率较低,连对后续的种植治疗有明显好处,表现在种植手术中上颌窦黏膜容易剥离,减少二期行种植手术时发生上颌窦黏膜穿孔。实验组患者在随访期间并无复发,而对照组患者在12、18个月随访时,各有1例复发,两组的OMS复发率比较,差异无统计学意義(P>0.05)。实验组患者较对照组患者复发率低,主要考虑本研究选入样本量较少,且随访时间较短所致。实验组患者的咀嚼功能、满意程度评分均高于对照组(P<0.05),提示采取牙槽嵴顶入路治疗OMS,较传统手术而言,可获得更好的咀嚼功能,提高患者的满意度。本研究结果与Hong等[14-15]研究结果相近。
  综上所述,对于OMS的治疗,采取由牙槽嵴顶入路治疗方案并对相应区域进行缺牙种植修复后,可获得较好的临床治疗效果,减少二期种植手术时上颌窦黏膜发生黏膜穿孔与术后复发,提高患者的咀嚼功能,效果理想。
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  (收稿日期:2019-11-27  本文编辑:任秀兰)
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