急性前循环颅内外串联闭塞血管内治疗预后相关因素分析
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[摘要] 目的 探討急性前循环颅内外串联闭塞(TO)血管内治疗方法,分析其预后相关因素。 方法 回顾性收集2016年1月~2019年4月我院神经外科收治的急性颈内动脉颅内外段闭塞伴同侧大脑中动脉闭塞患者的临床资料,将患者分为预后良好组(90 d mRS评分0~2分)和预后不良组(90 d mRS评分3~6分)。比较两组发病年龄、手术前后NIHSS评分、ASPECT评分、侧支循环、闭塞类型、开通顺序、术中替罗非班使用、有效再通率、术后出血转化率、术后7 d NIHSS评分、术后90 d mRS评分等临床指标,并对结果进行统计学分析。 结果 共确认21例[(10.6%(21/198)]急性前循环颅内外串联闭塞患者,其中预后良好组8例(38.1%),预后不良组13例(61.9%)。两组高血压、高脂血症、吸烟和肺部慢性疾病、入院NIHSS评分、术前ASCEPT评分、病因TOAST分型等术前评估指标比较,无统计学差异(P<0.05);与预后不良组相比,预后良好组年龄更低(P=0.009)。两组术后7 d NIHSS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.536,P=0.020),术中替罗非班的使用、症状性颅内出血无明显差异(P>0.05)。21例患者有效再通率为(TICI 2b-3)71.5%,死亡率28.6%,仅38.1%的患者预后良好。两组再灌注TICI分级无统计学差异(P=0.336),较低的发病年龄(P=0.009)、良好侧支循环(P=0.037)、术后7 d NIHSS评分(P=0.020)及桥接静脉溶栓(P=0.011)与预后相关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,侧支循环为预后预测因子(B=3.651,OR=38.5,95%CI为2.951~508.463,P=0.006)。 结论 前循环急性颅内外串联闭塞患者进行血管内治疗有一定效果,但总体良好预后率偏低,良好侧支循环为预后较强预测因子。本研究的局限性主要为非随机单中心回顾性研究,TO患者最佳治疗策略需要更多的随机对照进一步研究探索。
[关键词] 缺血性脑卒中;串联闭塞;机械取栓;血管内治疗;静脉溶栓
[中图分类号] R743.3 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)01-0047-05
Analysis of prognostic factors associated with endovascular treatment for acute anterior circulation intracranial and extracranial occlusion
JIANG Fengfeng BAO Xiang LIU Xiaobo XU Wei YU Danfeng TONG Minfeng ZHOU Gezhi
Department of Neurosurgery, Jinhua Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jinhua 321000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the endovascular treatment of acute anterior circulation intracranial and extracranial occlusion, and to analyze the prognostic factors. Methods The clinical data of patients with acute internal carotid intracranial and extracranial occlusion combined with ipsilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion from January 2016 to April 2019 were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into two groups, good prognosis group(90 d mRS score 0-2 points) and poor prognosis group (90 d mRS score 3-6 points). The age of onset, preoperative and postoperative NIHSS score, ASPECT score, collateralcirculation, occlusion type, opening sequence, intraoperative tirofiban use, effective recanalization rate, postoperative bleeding conversion rate, postoperative 7-day NIHSS score and mRS scores at 90 days after surgery were compared. And the results were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 21 patients [(10.6%(21/198)] with acute anterior circulation intracranial and extracranial occlusion were identified, 8 cases (38.1%) with good prognosis and 13 cases (61.9%) with poor prognosis. There were no significant differences between the two groups in preoperative evaluation indexes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and chronic lung disease, admission NIHSS score, preoperative ASCEPT score, and TOAST classification of cause (P<0.05). Patients with good prognosis were younger (P=0.009). There was a statistically significant difference in the NIHSS score between the two groups at 7 days after operation (t=-2.536, P=0.020). There was no significant correlation between intraoperative tirofiban and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (P>0.05). In 21 patients, the effective recanalization rate (TICI 2b-3) was 71.5%, and the mortality rate was 28.6%, and only 38.1% of patients had a good prognosis. There was no statistical difference in the reperfusion TICI grading between the two groups (P=0.336). Lower onset age (P=0.009), good collateral circulation(P=0.037), postoperative 7-day NIHSS score(P=0.020), and bridged intravenous thrombolysis(P=0.011) were associated with prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that collateral circulation was a prognostic predictor (B=3.651, OR=38.5, 95%CI 2.951-508.463, P=0.006). Conclusion Endovascular treatment for patients with acute anterior circulation intracranial and extracranial occlusion is effective, but the overall good prognosis rate is lower. Good collateral circulation is a strong predictor of prognosis. The limitations of our study are mainly non-randomized, single-center retrospective studies, and the best treatment strategy for TO patients requires to explore more randomized controlled trials. [Key words] Ischemic stroke; Tandem occlusion; Mechanical thrombectomy; Endovascular treatment; Intravenous thrombolysis
前循环串联闭塞(tandem occlusion,TO)是指颈内动脉颅外段合并同侧远端颈内动脉末端或大脑中动脉闭塞。串联病变在急性缺血性脑卒中患者中高达25%,其中急性颈内动脉闭塞合并远端中动脉闭塞患者占50%[1]。若急性串联闭塞未能及时有效再通,则预后不佳[2],总体死亡率可高达55%[3]。串联病变由于病情较复杂,早期大多数的研究均将其作为机械取栓的排除标准,但近期随机对照研究已证实该类患者也能从血管内治疗中获益。串联闭塞患者需同时处理近端颅内外颈动脉病变及远端中动脉闭塞,如何在最短的时间内恢复有效前向血流仍存在争议,如何维持近端病变的血流稳定及近端病变血管重建的时机仍不明确,最佳治疗策略也未能达成广泛共识[4]。本研究通过对前循环急性颅内外串联闭塞患者的临床资料进行总结,探讨可行的血管内治疗方案,并分析其预后相关因素,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2016年1月~2019年4月我院神经外科收治的急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗患者198例。分组标准:以90 d mRS评分为主要观察终点,0~2分定义为预后良好,3~6分定义为预后不良。共确认急性串联闭塞21例(10.6%),平均(68.7±6.2)岁,其中预后良好组8例,预后不良组13例。串联闭塞定义为颈内动脉颅内段或颅外段闭塞合并远端同侧大脑中动脉M1段或M2段闭塞。纳入标准:6 h内开始股动脉穿刺并接受血管内治疗者;前循环急性缺血性卒中者;年龄>18岁者;CTA或DSA证实串联闭塞者;排除标准:颈动脉慢性闭塞者;既往影像可证实的同侧大脑中动脉慢性闭塞者;DSA侧支循环评估后终止血管内治疗者。
1.2 方法
采用个体化开通顺序及具体治疗方案。所有患者均为全麻,采用Seldinger技术行股动脉穿刺,置入8F动脉鞘,完成全脑血管造影,评估侧支循环代偿情况。8F导引导管置入人颈内动脉起始段,微导管在微导丝导引下通过血管闭塞部位,到达颅内闭塞部位远端正常血管,微导管进行全颈动脉造影及同侧中动脉造影,明确闭塞性质、部位,血栓长度。颈动脉病变初步判定为动脉粥样硬化狭窄时,中间导管先尝试通过狭窄段,若顺利通过,则先行远端机械取栓;若未能通过,则行狭窄段球囊扩张,并在球囊半释放状态下推进中间导管进入近端闭塞远端,先行远端取栓,后处理近端病变,根据正向血流稳定情况决定是否进行一期颈动脉成形;若反复球囊扩张后仍无法通过中间导管,则先近端行颈动脉支架成形。颈动脉病变初步判定为颈动脉颅外段夹层时,中间导管通过夹层段颈动脉,Solitaire支架进行远端开通,近端一期采用支架重建病变颈动脉或二期重建。近端颈动脉病变初步判定为心源性栓塞或其他不明原因时,若存在Willis环一级代偿,先行远端中动脉取栓;若Willis环无一级代偿,则顺血流方向开通颈动脉。桥接静脉溶栓患者术中给予半量肝素(50 U/kg),1000 U/h追加,未行静脉溶栓的患者在手术医生判断风险后决定是否给予肝素。所有患者使用替罗非班(鲁南恒康,国药准字H20090328,50 mL∶12.5 mg)前均行术中CT排除颅内出血。所有患者支架植入前均进行术中CT检查,凡早期存在早期血脑屏障破坏征象,均不进行一期颈动脉支架成形术。
1.3 评价指标
1.3.1 术前评估指标 术前卒中严重程度采用NIHSS评分量表(National institute of health stroke scale,NIHSS)[5]评分;CT早期缺血改变采用ASPECT评分(Alberta stroke program early CT score,ASPECT)[6],评分细则参照ASPECT网站(www.ASPECTSinstroke.com);侧支循环评估采用ASTIN/SIR分级系统(American society of interventional and therapeutic neuroradiology/society of interventional radiology collateral vessel grading system,ASTIN/SIR)[7],共分5级:缺血侧没有侧支血管为0级;缺血侧周围有缓慢侧支血流,但部分区域持续无血流为1级;缺血灶周围快速侧支血流,有部分持续无侧支血流,缺血灶仅有部分血流为2级;在静脉期晚期阶段缺血灶有缓慢但完全的血流为3级;通过侧支血流逆向灌注完全且迅速地供应整个血管区为4级。脑梗死病因分型采用TOAST分型[8],分为大动脉粥样硬化性血栓形成、心源性脑栓塞及其他类型。
1.3.2 術中评估指标 闭塞血管再通等级采用mTICI评分(Modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score,mTICI),mTICI 2b-3定义为有效再通[9]。
1.3.3 预后评价指标 卒中残疾程度采用mRs评分(Modified rankin scale,mRS),90 d mRS评分为主要观察终点,0~2分定义为预后良好,3~6分定义为预后不良[10]。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS22.0统计学软件进行分析,计数资料以[n(%)]表示,计量资料服从正态分布以(x±s)表示,采用两组独立样本t检验,偏态分布以中位数及百分数表示,等级资料采用秩和检验或中位数检验法,两独立样本差异性检验采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。对组内比较差异具有统计学意义的影响因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析模型,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 2 结果
2.1 两组术前评估指标比较
两组高血压、高脂血症及吸烟和肺部慢性疾病、入院NIHSS评分、TOAST分型、ASPECT评分无明显差异;预后良好组平均年龄更低(P<0.05);38.0%急性串联闭塞患者术前接受静脉溶栓,预后良好组静脉溶栓比例达75.0%,预后不良组为15.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);远端闭塞为大脑中动脉M1段20例,M2段闭塞1例;ASTIN/SIR侧支循环≥2级患者预后良好组较预后不良组更多(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组术中评估指标及并发症比较
术后7 d NIHSS评分两组有统计学差异(P<0.05),87.5%TO患者(TICI 2b-3)有效再通,两组手术时间、再灌注TICI分级等指标均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。23.8%急性串联闭塞患者接受急诊颈动脉支架成形术,85.7%的患者术中接受替罗非班治疗,两组替罗非班的使用与症状性颅内出血差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。
2.3 两组预后评价指标比较
仅有38.1%(8/21)的TO患者预后良好,死亡率高达28.6%(6/21)。预后良好组顺血流开通比例更高(75.0%),而预后不良组逆血流开通比例更高(61.5%),两组开通顺序差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。
2.4 串联闭塞患者预后相关因素Logistic回归分析
由表1、2可知,较低的发病年龄(P=0.009)、良好侧支循环(P=0.037)、术后7 d NIHSS评分(P=0.020)及桥接静脉溶栓(P=0.011)与预后相关,将年龄、侧支循环、术后7 d NIHSS评分及桥接静脉溶栓纳入Logistic模型进行分析,结果显示仅侧支循环是串联闭塞患者预后的影响因素(P<0.05),见表4。
3 讨论
由于急性前循环串联闭塞同时存在近端颈内动脉病变和远端颅内动脉病变,普遍认为是所有急性脑卒中患者中较复杂的类型,其90 d生存率及良好预后率均较单纯病变下降。颈内动脉和大脑中动脉的急性串联闭塞是静脉溶栓后预后不良的独立预测因子[2]。单纯静脉溶栓在TO患者治疗中的作用非常有限,仅9%的患者可获得再通[11],且仅有20%的患者预后良好[2],目前血管内治疗仍是TO患者的首选治疗方法。本研究发现,相比单纯动脉取栓患者,桥接静脉溶栓的TO患者预后更佳,其90 d良好预后率可达75.0%(P<0.05),可能的原因为这部分患者在溶栓时间窗之内,具有较短的发病到入院时间及更短的入院到穿刺时间(DNT时间),且部分影像已表现为早期脑梗死的患者可能被良好预后组排除而进入预后不良组,导致结果存在一定的选择偏倚。研究结果还显示良好的侧支循环与預后呈正向相关,这部分患者在4.5 h的静脉溶栓时间窗之内并没有表现为明显的早期脑梗死,ASPECT评分较低,血管成功再通后可挽救更多脑组织,临床结局更好。
急性前循环串联病变介入再通的具体手术策略目前尚不明确,顺血流方向开通或逆血流方向目前争议较多。Rangel-Castilla等[12]研究发现,顺行治疗可缩短从腹股沟穿刺到最终血管再通的时间,但两种治疗方式的治疗时间及预后无统计学差异。Swamy Chetty等[13]研究发现,顺行性治疗和逆行性治疗相比,达到颅脑再灌注的时间要多20 min。无论顺血流开通或逆血流开通,其关键影响因素为缺血再灌注时间,再灌注时间越短,良好预后率增越高。本研究显示预后良好组中有87.5%的患者侧枝代偿达到2级以上,且逆血流开通比例达75.0%,这可能与研究中采用个体化治疗策略相关。对于存在Willis环代偿的患者,尽早地开通远端中动脉血流,可减少缺血时间,导引导管顺利通过近端闭塞病变的患者其在处理近端病变时消耗的时间最短。颈动脉恢复正向血流,远端颅内前动脉或后动脉将提供更多的软脑膜侧枝代偿,因而实际再灌注时间相对较短。对于部分近端颈动脉颅外段病变为夹层的患者,由于导引导管或中间导管容易通过夹层,可迅速建立近端通道,远端的新鲜血栓容易取出,这部分患者也具有更短的穿刺到再通时间[14]。预后不良组由于近端通路建立存在困难,因而近端需反复球囊扩张或支架植入,相对再通时间更长。目前有研究认为机械取栓联合颈内动脉支架植入是治疗TO的有效方法,但两项操作的先后顺序及间隔时间需要更多随机研究的证据指导[15]。本研究中支架植入之前均进行术中CT检查,对于早期存在血脑屏障破坏的患者均采取单纯球囊成形,考虑到二期进行去骨瓣减压可能性及出血转化因素,因此未进行支架植入。但在研究结果中显示,顺血流开通和逆血流开通的患者对预后并未显示出明显的统计学意义(P>0.05),可能与开通顺序已进行个体化相关,当然也不排除样本较小存在抽样误差的可能。
本研究死亡率为28.6%,与文献报道[15]TO患者死亡率19%~39%相似。有研究表明TO患者住院死亡时间中位数为2.5 d,>220 mL的脑梗死体积反映了恶性MCA梗死的破坏性,预示严重的脑水肿,导致80%的死亡率[16]。本组研究中TO患者平均年龄为(68.7±6.2)岁,早期文献报道该类患者平均为58.7~70.0岁[17-19],呈现高龄的趋势,这与本研究病例TOAST病因分型中大动脉粥样硬化占比较高相一致(66.7%)。替罗非班在本研究中使用率为85.7%,症状性颅内出血为23.8%,高于文献报道的4.2%~22%[20],替罗非班与症状性颅内出血未显示出明显相关性。本研究中部分患者死于症状性颅内出血,预后不良组合并有高血压、高脂血症及肺部疾病等慢性病患者比例较高,死亡的大部分原因为全身并发症。
综上所述,前循环急性串联闭塞患者进行血管内治疗有一定效果,但总体良好预后率偏低。较低的发病年龄、良好侧支循环、术后7 d NIHSS评分及桥接静脉溶栓与预后相关,但良好的侧支循环为预后的独立预测因子。本研究由于采用回顾性分析,且样本量较少,尚存在局限性,TO患者最佳治疗策略需要更多的随机研究进一步探索。 [參考文献]
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(收稿日期:2019-07-10)
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