正常妊娠妇女不同时期凝血四项、D-二聚体及抗凝血酶Ⅲ的变化及临床意义
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[摘要]目的 探討正常妊娠妇女不同时期凝血四项、D-二聚体(D-D)及抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)的变化及临床意义。方法 选取2018年3月~2019年3月于柳州市妇幼保健院行产前检查的556例无分娩史单胎妊娠妇女(孕早期135例,孕中期145例,孕晚期140例,待产期136例)及150例非孕妇作为研究对象,检测其凝血四项[凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)]、D-D及AT-Ⅲ水平的差异。结果 孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期及待产期妇女的PT、APTT、TT均短于非孕妇,FIB、D-D均高于非孕妇,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕中期、孕晚期、待产期妇女的FIB、D-D均高于孕早期妇女,孕晚期、待产期妇女的D-D均高于孕中期妇女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕中期、孕晚期、待产期妇女的AT-Ⅲ均低于非孕妇,孕晚期、待产期妇女的AT-Ⅲ均低于孕早期、孕中期妇女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕早期妇女的AT-Ⅲ与非孕妇比较,孕晚期妇女FIB、D-D、AT-Ⅲ与待产期妇女比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 正常妊娠妇女不同孕期凝血功能的变化可提示机体处于高凝状态,纤溶功能不断增强。
[关键词]孕妇;凝血功能;D-二聚体;抗凝血酶Ⅲ
[中图分类号] R714.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)2(c)-0170-04
Changes and clinical significance of blood coagulation four items, D-dimer and antithrombin Ⅲ in normal pregnant women at different stages
XIAN Xiao-ying CHEN Hua-gan
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou 545000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the changes and clinical significance of blood coagulation four items, D-dimer (D-D) and antithrombin Ⅲ (AT-Ⅲ) in normal pregnant women at different stages. Methods A total of 556 single pregnant women without childbirth history (135 cases in the early pregnancy, 145 cases in the second trimester, 140 cases in the third trimester, and 136 cases in the expectant period) undergoing the prenatal examination in Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 and 150 non-pregnant women were selected as the research objects. The differences of blood coagulation four items (prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], thrombin time [TT], fibrinogen [FIB]), D-D and AT-Ⅲ were detected among them. Results The PT, APTT and TT of women in the early pregnancy, the second trimester, the third trimester and the expectant period were shorter than those of non-pregnant women, FIB and D-D were higher than those of non-pregnant women, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The FIB and D-D of women in the second trimester, the third trimester and expectant period were higher than those of women in the early pregnancy, and the D-D levels of women in the third trimester and expectant period were higher than those of women in the second trimester, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The AT-Ⅲ of women in the second trimester, third trimester and expectant period was lower than that of the non-pregnant women, the AT-Ⅲ of women in the third trimester and expectant period was lower than that of women in the early pregnancy and in the second trimester, statistically significant differences (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in AT-Ⅲ between the women in the early pregnancy and non-pregnant women, and there were no significant differences in FIB, D-D, AT-Ⅲ between the women in the third trimester and in the expectant period (P>0.05). Conclusion Changes of blood coagulation function in normal pregnant women during different periods of pregnancy may indicate that the body is in a hypercoagulable state, and the fibrinolytic function is enhanced. [Key words] Pregnant woman; Blood coagulation function; D-dimer; Antithrombin Ⅲ
妊娠是婦女特有的一种生理过程,机体的生理指标及激素水平受胎儿生长发育及分娩因素的影响而发生改变,其中凝血和纤溶系统的变化可导致孕妇血液呈现高凝状态[1-2],有助于避免分娩时的出血风险,然而这也增加了静脉血栓栓塞的风险[3]。有研究发现孕妇的不良妊娠结局(妊娠高血压、胎盘早剥、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、胎儿生长受限、反复流产)可能与凝血功能改变有关[4]。目前,临床上多采用凝血四项,即血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplatin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)判断妊娠合并严重并发症(子痫前期、产后出血、脓毒症、弥漫性血管内凝血及羊水栓塞)[5-6]。因此,本研究通过对柳州市妇幼保健院的妊娠妇女不同时期凝血四项、D-二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)及抗凝血酶Ⅲ(antithrombin Ⅲ,AT-Ⅲ)进行检测,有利于判断孕产妇的出血倾向,以有效预防分娩过程、产后大出血及血栓栓塞性疾病,现报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选取2018年3月~2019年3月于柳州市妇幼保健院行产前检查的556例无分娩史单胎妊娠妇女作为研究对象,根据其末次月经和妊娠12周的B超检查确定妊娠周期,分为孕早期135例,孕中期145例,孕晚期140例,待产期136例。年龄23~39岁,中位年龄32岁。排除合并既往有出血史、妊娠高血压、肝肾功能异常等疾病者。另选同期在我院体检的育龄期健康非孕妇150例,年龄21~38岁,中位年龄32岁。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准,在知情同意情况下,对其凝血功能指标进行检测。
1.2方法
抽取研究对象1.8 ml空腹静脉血于枸橼酸钠(109 mmol/L)抗凝管中,颠倒混匀后离心10 min(3000 r/min),取上层血浆。采用CS-5100血凝仪(日本希森美康)及其配套试剂检测PT、APTT、FIB、TT、D-D及AT-Ⅲ,采用高、低两种浓度水平的质控品(美国BIO-BAD)进行室内质量控制,室内质控均在控后可开始检测。
1.3统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布者采用中位数(四分位间距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,两组间比较采用非参数检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期及待产期妇女的PT、APTT、TT均短于非孕妇,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕中期、孕晚期及待产期妇女的APTT均短于孕早期妇女,孕晚期、待产期妇女的TT均短于孕中期妇女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期及待产期妇女的FIB、D-D均高于非孕妇,孕中期、孕晚期、待产期妇女的FIB、D-D均高于孕早期妇女,孕晚期、待产期妇女的D-D均高于孕中期妇女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕中期、孕晚期、待产期妇女的AT-Ⅲ均低于非孕妇,孕晚期、待产期妇女的AT-Ⅲ均低于孕早期、孕中期妇女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕早期妇女的AT-Ⅲ与非孕妇比较,孕晚期妇女的FIB、AT-Ⅲ、D-D与待产期妇女比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
3讨论
机体凝血和纤溶系统之间的动态平衡是实现正常止血和凝血的前提。无论是凝血过程还是纤溶过程,都是一种机体自我保护的一种现象,在维持正常的血液循环、预防出血和血栓疾病中都是不可缺少的。
妊娠是女性特殊的生理过程,为满足妊娠和分娩的需要,在此过程中,机体凝血和纤溶系统可产生一系列应答反应。随着妊娠周期增加,血液中凝血因子(Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ)的含量及活性也随之升高,因此,孕妇的血液可呈现高凝状态。机体凝血和纤溶系统之间的动态变化可从一些检测指标(PT、APTT、TT、FIB、AT-Ⅲ、D-D)中反映出来。
APTT主要反映内源性凝血途径的凝血功能。本研究结果提示,正常妊娠妇女的APTT与非妊娠妇女有差异,并且在妊娠中、晚期及待产期逐渐缩短,与文献报道相似[7-8]。妊娠期妇女APTT缩短可能与凝血因子有Ⅺ、Ⅻ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ的活性增加有关[9]。正常情况下,凝血因子Ⅻ、Ⅷ、Ⅹ和Ⅸ可随孕龄的增加而增加,但因为凝血因子Ⅺ在孕中、晚期及待产期可能无改变[9],这可能是内源性凝血功能在妊娠中晚期及待产期变化不明显的原因。
PT是反映外源性凝血途径的筛查试验。妊娠期妇女与非孕妇相比,PT显著缩短,这主要与凝血因子Ⅶ的活性有关,研究发现胎盘的磷脂及组织因子(tissue factor,TF)可促使FⅦ形成[10]。TF又是外源性凝血瀑布反应的蛋白酶启动剂,与FⅦa结合,形成FⅦa-TF复合物,启动外源凝血途径[11]。推测妊娠期PT缩短可能是凝血因子Ⅶ增加的结果。
FIB也称为凝血因子Ⅰ,由肝细胞合成,在凝血系统中起重要作用。凝血后期凝血酶形成,催化纤维蛋白原转变为纤维蛋白。因此,FIB是内外源凝血途径最终的共同通路。正常妊娠妇女FIB的适当增加可维持凝血与纤溶平衡,有利于分娩及产后迅速止血,FIB浓度越高,凝血功能越强[12]。本研究结果提示,正常妊娠孕妇FIB高于非孕妇女,从孕早期开始增加,并随着孕期的增加而增加,直到孕晚期及待产期到达最高。此外,凝血酶TT也可间接反映血液中FIB的质和量,正常妊娠妇女与非孕妇相比,尽管妊娠期TT缩短,这可能与妊娠期FIB浓度增加有关;然而孕期之间变化不明显,推测正常妊娠妇女的纤维蛋白溶解系统可能被激活,以平衡体内的凝血功能[13]。 D-D是纤维蛋白被纤溶酶水解后产生的一种降解产物,是继发性纤维蛋白溶解特有的標志物,并可提示有血栓形成[14]。本研究中,妊娠妇女的D-D水平高于非妊娠妇女,并且随着孕龄增加而升高,这可能是妇女在妊娠过程中,胎儿和胎盘附着面产生微小的碎片组织及滋养细胞进入循环系统,激活微小动静脉的凝血系统,引起微小管内的凝血反应,导致小血栓形成[15-16]。
AT-Ⅲ是机体重要的一种抗凝物质,主要由肝和内皮细胞合成,可抑制已活化的Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅻ等凝血因子和凝血酶,AT-Ⅲ减少是弥漫性血管内凝血前期的诊断指标之一[17]。本研究结果显示,孕早期妇女的AT-Ⅲ与非孕妇比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在孕中、晚期及待产期有所降低,推测AT-Ⅲ在整个孕期的抗凝作用改变不明显。
综上所述,正常妊娠妇女不同孕期凝血功能的变化可提示机体处于高凝状态,纤溶功能不断增强。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-21 本文编辑:任秀兰)
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